2000 Years of Josephus

Initially published as a pamphleteer, Josephus’ first work was distributed in Rome prior to the joint triumph of Vespasian and Titus in 71. This work is, apparently, lost to history. Since then, Christians have viewed Josephus as ancient Israel’s final light. Aside from the Bible, no work has been copied with greater consistency over the last 2,000 years than his Wars of the Jews. Josephus was so respected that church father Ambrose included portions of his work as the climax to his first published Bible.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2,000 YEARS OF JOSEPHUS

Books, Articles, and Papers on Judaic Wars and Hegesippus

2,000 YEARS OF JOSEPHUS

A JOSEPHUS BIBLIOGRAPHY

SECOND-MOST PUBLISHED WORK, FOLLOWING ONLY THE BIBLE

A Syriac translation of book vi. of the ‘Jewish War’ is contained in the Peshitta manuscript of the Ambrosianus in Milan, in which it is called ‘The Fifth Book of Maccabees.’ (It was published by Ceriani in 1871)

2013: Gary DeMar, Flavius Josephus and Preterism – While the Bible is the best interpreter of itself, it helps to have non-biblical historical sources from the same time period to help flesh out details not found in Scripture and to support what is found in the biblical text. The writings of Josephus are some of those historical works. We would be foolish to ignore them.
2016: Liv Lied, 2 Baruch and the Syriac Codex Ambrosianus (pdf) – “Codex Ambrosianus extends the chronological biblical storyline all the way up to the destruction of the Second Temple, described in the last book included in the codex, the sixth book of Jewish War. This final book of that corpus, which is also the last book of the codex, is identified as ‘The Fifth (Volume) on the Last Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus Son of Vespasian, King of the Romans.”

EXHAUSTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
(Opus Processus) (preserved in PDF @ archive.org)

0075: Josephus, The Judaic Wars (Bello Judaica) and Hegesippus:
- 1499: Antiquitatibus ac Bello Judaica (Latin)
- 1511: Torino que hoc Volumine Contineantur Josephi (Latin)
- 1528: Erasmus, De Bello Ivdaico, Libri Septem (Latin)
- 1530: Cologne, Hegesippus Josephus Ambrosius (German)
- 1552: Judische Chronik (German)
- 1559: Hegesippi de bello Judaico (Latin)
- 1560: Gernhard, Hystorie Jüdischen Krieges (German)
- 1571: Churfürst, Historien und Bücher von Alten Jüdisch (German)
- 1574: Churfürst, Historien und Bücher von Alten Jüdisch (German )
- 1602: Lodge, Famous and Memorable Workes of Josephus
- 1702: L’Estrange, The Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus, 1767 Ed., V1 | V2
- 1736: Whiston, The Works of Flavius Josephus, 1737 | 1852 | 1864 | 1996 | Whiston Hyperlinked
- 1740: James Wilson, A collection of the genuine works of Flavius Josephus: faithfully translated from the original Greek
- 1777: Thompson-Price, Josephus, V1 | V2
- 1823: Johnstone, Josephus Adapted
- 1851: Traill, Josephus’ The Wars of the Jews, 1847 V1 | 1851 V1, V2
- 1871: Cerani, Translatio syra pescitto Veteris Testamenti ex Codice Ambrosiano, Book VI (Aramaic pdf) – It must be noted that there are several differences between this version of Judean Wars Book Six and Greek Version of Judean Wars Book Six. Some of the differences can be seen in “the word file in the attachments” along with Jewish Hebrew Propaganda and other information. Judean Wars Book Six was mistakenly listed by the scribe to Aramaic OT in Ceriani Veteris Testamentum as the book of 5 Maccabees. It could have been an intentional mistake in order to hide Judean Wars Book Six (Aramaic aka Syriac version) so that the enemies won’t destroy it. Even today (June 2017), it is not known whether Judean Wars Books 1 to 5 and & Book 7 in Aramaic (aka Syriac) survived or not. The originality of Judean Wars Book Six of Aramaic version can be seen through the fact that it corrects so many errors found in Greek versions of Josephus’ Judean Wars Book Six / Syriac Bible
- 1882: Destion, Die Quellen Flavius Josephus (German)
- 1895: Weidmann, Φλαυίου Ἰωσήπου ἱστορία Ἰουδαικοῦ πολέμου πρὸς Ῥωμαίους (Greek)
- 1898: Flavius Josephus Latina (Latin)
- 1911: Reinach, Works of Josephus, V1-2 | V2-2 (French)

FROM PDF BIBLIOGRAPHY:

(some title results no longer exist)

A Brief Synopsis of the Fall of Jerusalem, 70 C.E. Based on the Works of Josephus
Copies at the Biblioteca Hispanica
Corollaries Between Josephus and the New Testament
Index of Scripture References in Josephus’ Wars of the Jews
Index of Subjects in Josephus’ Wars of the Jews
Jewish Sources on the “End of Times”
Works Relating to Jews in the New York Library
1691: Lloyd, Letter to Sherlock on Josephus
1730: Nathaniel Lardner, Evidences of Christianity from the Testimony of Josephus
1764: Nathaniel Lardner, Of the Argument for the Truth of Christianity, arising from the fulfillment of our Saviour’s predictions concerning the destruction of the Temple and the City of Jerusalem, 1791 Ed. | 1829 “The Argument is taken from the history of the destruction of Jerusalem as related by Josephus, compared with our Saviour’s prediction of that event, which has always been considered as one of the strongest which can be urged either against the Jews in particular, or against Unbelievers in general. 1770: Robert Findlay, A Vindication of.. Josephus, from Various Presentations and Cavils of the Celebrated Voltaire
1812: John Jones, Researches on Philo and Josephus
1851: R. Traill, The Jewish war: a new tr., by R. Traill, ed. with notes by I. Taylor
1854: Fr. S. Lemo, Die Belagerung und Zerstörung Jerusalems im Jahre 70 nach Christi Geburt: eine geschichtliche Skizze nach Flavius Josephus (German)
1867: R. Plaut, Flavius Josephus and the Bible. A Critical-Exegetical Study (German)
1869: J.J. Blunt, Undesigned Coincidences Between the Gospels and Acts, and Josephus
1884: William Shephard, Our Young Folks’ Josephus
1893: Thomas DeQuincey, Works of Dequincey – The Enmity of Josephus Towards Christianity
1899: A. Neubauer, Pseudo-Josephus
1910: Heinrich Luther, Josephus and Justus of Tiberias
1920: Richard Laqueur, The Jewish Historian Flavius Josephus: A Biographical Investigation Based on New Critical Sources – Laqueur continues to serve, justifiably and indisputably as the introduction to the literary criticism of the text of Josephus”
1921: Philip Mauro, The Siege of Jerusalem as Described by Josephus
1925: Hans Drexler, Investigations into Josephus and the History of the Jewish Revolt 66- Jewish Revolt 66-70
1931: Robert Eisler, Jesus and John According to Josephus
1947: A.J. Pollock, Josephus and the Bible
1975: Zvi Yavets, Reflections on Titus and Josephus – The emperor who destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem is hardly ever mentioned in Jewish sources without the epithet ‘Harasha’ (the villain).
1992: Steve Mason, Josephus and the New Testament: The Use and Abuse of Josephus
1993: Steve Mason, Scriptural Interpretation in Josephus
1998: Honora Chapman, Spectacle and Theatre in Josephus
1998: Louis Feldman, Studies in Josephus’ Rewritten Bible (Archive.org pdf)
1998: Understanding Josephus: Seven Perspectives – Josephus’s thirty volumes (more consulted than read) are considered the ultimate reference work for Judaism in the Graeco-Roman period. Even the more sceptical, who would wish to read between the lines, must often resort to arbitrary techniques because it is not apparent where the ‘lines’ are. This volume of essays by seven prominent scholars-John Barclay, Per Bilde, Steve Mason, Tessa Rajak, Joseph Sievers, Paul Spilsbury and Gregory E. Sterling-is another step in the effort to change the way we look at this most famous/notorious ancient Jewish historian. It introduces him as a rational being, a first-century author, and a thinker, with his own literary and social contexts-on the premise that he is worth trying to understand. Three essays deal with his Jewish Antiquities, two with Against Apion, and two with the larger themes of afterlife and apocalyptic in his writings. An up-to-date assessment of Josephus and his modern scholarly interpreters, for expert and non-expert alike.”
2000: Laura Leibman, Josephus, The Enemy Within
2000: Roman Piso, Corollaries Between Josephus and the New Testament
2000: Nicolas Theriault, Generalizations of the Josephus Problem
2000: Alice Whealy, The Testimonium Flavianum Controversy from Antiquity to the Present
2001: Beede and Finch, Fixed Points in the Josephus Permutations
2001: Joseph Sievers, Humor in Josephus
2002: Phil Spilsbury, Josephus on the Burning of the Temple, the Flavian Triumph and the Fall of Rome
2002: Tommaso Leoni, Josephus as a Source for the Burning of the Temple
2002: Paul Spilsbury, Josephus on the Burning of the Temple
2005: Wade Blocker, Hegesippus Translated and Introduced
2005: Jonathan Edmundson, Josephus and Flavian Rome
2005: Maurice Williams, Prophet and Historian, John and Josephus
2008: H. Wayne House, Josephus and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Evaluation of the Preterist View on Jerusalem in Prophecy
2009: Desmond Seward, Jerusalem’s Traitor (Archive.org)
2010: Jane Bellemore, Josephus, Pompey, and the Jews
2015: William Hollander, Jesus, Josephus and the Fall of Jerusalem: On Doing History with Scripture
2016: Liv Lied, 2 Baruch and the Syriac Codex Ambrosianus – “Codex Ambrosianus extends the chronological biblical storyline all the way up to the destruction of the Second Temple, described in the last book included in the codex, the sixth book of Jewish War. This final book of that corpus, which is also the last book of the codex, is identified as ‘The Fifth (Volume) on the Last Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus Son of Vespasian, King of the Romans.”

OVERVIEW OF THE POPULARITY OF JOSEPHUS IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES

Josephus was known during the medieval period through the medium of ancient Latin versions. As late as the year 1524, doubts were expressed by scholars as to whether the Greek originals of his writings were still in existence. Many editions in Latin were produced from about 1470 until 1544. One of these (that of Basel, 1537) had been superintended by Erasmus. In 1544 the first Greek Josephus appeared — also at Basel, from Froben’s press. An Orleans edition, printed in 1591 by de la Rovidre, also gave the Greek text. Exactly a century later Thomas Ittig superintended a Leipzig edition, and Edward Bernard issued a portion of one at Oxford.”

The first edition of the Greek Josephus was published by Frobenius and Episcopius (Basel, 1544). It was followed by the Geneva editions of 1611 and 1634, and by the edition of Ittig (Leipsic, 1691). A text of the complete works, revised after manuscripts, was furnished by Hudson (2 vols., Oxford, 1720). Then came the editions of Havercamp (2 vols., Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, 1726), of Oberthr (3 vols., Leipsic, 1782-1785), and of Richter (6 vols., Leipsic, 1826-27). On the basis of Havercamp’s material the text was revised by Dindorf (2 vols., Paris, 1845-47). This was followed by the pocket edition of Bekker (6 vols., Leipsic, 1855-56). A comprehensive collation of all good manuscripts was made only in recent times by Niese; his efforts resulted in a critical edition which by the richness of the apparatus far excels all former editions (Flavii Josephi opera edidit et apparatu critico instruxit Benedictus Niese, 6 vols., Berlin, 1887-94; vol. vii. is a carefully compiled index, 1895). On the basis of Niese’s apparatus appeared an edition by Naber (6 vols., Leipsic, 1888-96). There exists an early Latin translation of the complete works of Josephus, with the exception of the Vita. Cassiodorus seems to be the author of the Latin translation of the “Antiquities” and of the Contra Apionem.

The first printed edition of the Latin Josephus was published by Johann Schussler in Augsburg, 1470. Since then until the appearance of the first Greek edition it has been printed frequently, and the later editions were frequently corrected after the Greek. A critical edition of the Latin version, resting upon a comprehensive use of the sources, was begun by Boysen as vol. xxxvii. of the Vienna CSEL (Vienna, 1898). With the Latin translation of the Bellum Judaicum is not to be confounded a Latin condensation which is known under the name of Egesippus or Hegesippus. The name Egesippus is only a corruption from Josippus, a Latin form of “Josephus.” The work has some original additions, dates from the second half of the fourth century A.D., and has been doubtfully ascribed to Ambrose. The first edition appeared in Paris, 1510; a critically revised text appeared under the title Hegesippus qui dicitur sive Egesippus de bello Judaico ope codicis Casellani recognitus, ed. Weber, opus morte Weberi iuterruptum absolvit Caesar (Marburg, 1864). Under the name Josippon or Joseph, son of Gorion, there exists a history of the Jewish people to the destruction of Jerusalem, in the form of a compendium written in Hebrew, which is in the main excerpted from Josephus but in many respects differs widely from him. There appeared an edition of it with a Latin translation, by J F. Breithaupt (Gotha, 1707, 1710)

Since the sixteenth century the works of Josephus have been translated into almost all modern European languages. Among the English translations Traill’s, giving the Vita and the War, are especially esteemed (London, 1862). [The standard English translation has long been that of W. Whiston (London, 1737, often reproduced, latest ed. by D. S. Margoliouth, 1906). Others were by T. Lodge (1602, and often); Sir R. L. l’Estrange (1702 and often); J. Court (1733, and often); E. Thompson and W. C. Price (2 vols., 1777-78); and T. Bradshaw (1792)].

The existence of the documents that led to the discovery of the Slavonic Josephus was first brought to light by A. N. Popov in Russia in 1866. At about the same time as Sreznevski, the subject was also studied by E. Barsov and by the end of the 19th century knowledge of the existence of the documents was established in the west via its listing by Niese and Destinon in 1894. The Estonian scholar Alexandeer Berendts published a German translation in 1906 and proposed the theory that the Slavonic version had been derived from the original Aramaic of Josephus. However, Paul L. Maier states that the Slavonic Josephus “includes so many sensationalized accretions” that most modern scholars consider it as a highly colored translation and paraphrase, and do not consider it to be true to the original Aramaic.

EARLY INCUNABULA AND IMPRINTS
(Citing Date, Language, City, Country, Publisher, Title, and Notes)

EXHAUSTIVE MANUSCRIPT LIST

Siglum	Location	Shelfmark & Notes	Century
P	Paris, BNF	Codex Parisinus Graecus 1425	10 or 11
A	Milan, Ambrosian Library	Codex Ambrosianus (Mediolanensis) D. 50 sup.	10 or 11
M	Venice, San Marco	Codex Marcianus (Venetus) Gr. 383	11 or 12
L	Florence, Mediceo-Laurentian Library	Codex Laurentianus plut. lxix. 19.	11 or 12
V	Rome, Vatican Library	Codex Vaticanus Graecus 148	ca. 11
R	Rome, Vatican Library	Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Graecus 284	11 or 12
C	Rome, Vatican Library	Codex Urbinas (Vaticanus) Graecus 84	11
N	Florence, Mediceo-Laurentian Library	Codex Laurentianus plut. lxix. 17.	ca. 12
T		Codex Philippicus, formerly belonging to the library of the late Sir Thomas Phillips, Cheltenham – the bibliophile.	ca. 12
Exc.		(Excerpts made by order of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the 10th century – no details of MSS given)
Lat.		(A Latin version known to Cassiodorus in the fifth century and commonly ascribed to Rufinus in the preceding century).
Heg.		Hegesippus, a corruption of Josepus or Josippus: another Latin version, wrongly ascribed to St. Ambrose, written about 370 A.D. by a converted Jew, Isaac, as a Christian called Hilarius or Gaudentius, the so-called Ambrosiaster, a contemporary of Pope Damasus (see Jos. Wittig in Max Sdralek’s Kirchengesch. Abhandlungen iv; ed. Keber-Caesar, Marburg, 1864)
Syr.		A Syriac translation of Book 6 in Translatio Syra Pescitto Vet. Test. ex cod. Ambrosiano sec. fere vi phololith. edita cura et adnotationibus Antonii Maria Ceriani, Milan, 1876-1883.
Yos.		Josephus Gorionides or Yosippon, a Hebrew paraphrase, derived from Heg., ed. Breithaupt, Gotha, 1727.
Slav.		The Old Russian version – see my notes

Editions Listed by City

From Schreckenberg’s Die Flavius-Josephus-Tradition in Antike und Mittelalter. Leiden: Brill (1972).

Athos

Monh_ Batopedi/ou

(I.II) Batopedianus 386. Parchment, 13th century, 410 pp. Contains the larger part of the first decade of Antiquitates Judaicae and the Bellum Judaicum.

Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts in the Library of the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos. By S. Eustratiades and Arcadios. Harvard Theological Studies XI. Cambridge (Harvard University Press) 1924, p. 73. See Rudberg, Eranos 54 (1956) 181. —- Not in Niese.

(II) Batopedianus 387. Paper, 1487AD, 324 pp. Contains the larger part of the first decade of Antiquitates Judaicae.

Eustratiades —- Arcadios p. 74. Rudberg, Eranos 54 (1956) 181, assumed that this codex is a copy of the Batopedianus 386. —- Not in Niese. –> Nachträge.

Monh_ Dionusi/ou

(III) Dionysiou 194. Paper, 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Nr. 22 is the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64).

Spyr. P. Lambros, Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos. Volume I. Cambridge (Harvard University Press) 1895, S. 357-359, Nr. 3728. —- Not in Niese.

Monh_ ‘Ibh&rwn

(II.III) Iberon 92. Paper, 16th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 30^ris a metrical excerpt from Ant. Jud. 3, 197; fol. 333^Vis the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64).

Lambros II (1900) p. 14-18, Nr. 4212. —- Not in Niese.

Iberon 159. Paper, 15. century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 1-18 contains two theological questions (1. Dia_ ti/ fhsin o( ‘Apo&stoloj dida&skein yunaiki\ ou)k e0pitre/pw; 2. Potamo_j h]n o( xou~j o3n o( Qeo_j e1laben ei0j th_n tou~ ‘Ada_m plastourgi/an;), Johannes Chrysostomus, Josephus and another are to be consulted for the answers.

Lambros II (1900) p. 38-39, Nr. 4279. —- Not in Niese.

(II) Iberon 586. Paper, 17th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 354r is the story of Cain from Ant. Jud. 1, 52 ff.

Lambros II (1900) p. 176-177, Nr. 4706. —- Not in Niese.

Monh_ Koutloumoumousi/ou

Koutloumousiou 178. Paper, 13th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 11^r-13^r contains some excerpts from the church fathers and Josephus.

Lambros I (1895) p. 292-293, Nr. 3251. —- Not in Niese.

Monh_ Megi/sthj Lau&raj

(I) Lavra Η 158. Paper, 14th century, 236 pp. Contains incomplete the Bellum Judaicum.

Spyridon —- Sophronios Eustratiades, Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts in the Library of the Laura on Mount Athos. Cambridge (Harvard University Press) 1925 (= Harvard Theological Studies XII) p. 123, Nr. 813. See Stig Y. Rudberg, Les manuscrits à contenu profane du Mont-Athos, Eranos 54 (1956) 181.

(I) Lavra Θ 186. Paper, 15th century, 101 pp. Contains on fol. 48-101 a portion of the Bellum Judaicum.

Spyridon —- Eustratiades (1925) p. 161, Nr. 1048. —- Not in Niese.

Monh_ 9Agi/ou Panteleh&monoj

(II) Panteleemonos 95. Parchment, 14th century. Made up of folios from older codices, among them four pages apparently containing Ant. Jud. Buch 6-7.

Lambros II (1900) p. 292, Nr. 5601. —- Not in Niese.

Basel

Universitätsbibliothek

(III) Basileensis A. VII. 1. Paper, 14th century. Contains the homilies of Gregory Nazianzen. Fol. 428 contains the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64).

Omont, Catalogue des Manuscrits grecs des bibliothèques de Suisse. Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen 3 (1886), 385-442 (of which p. 401 ff., Nr. 34). —- Not in Niese.

Berlin

Staatsbibliothek

(Epit.) Berolinensis gr. 222 (Phillippicus 1625). Paper, 16th century, 371 pp. Contains the Epitome Antiquitatum.

Niese, Editio maior (1885 ff.) III p. XII; Ant. Jud. Epitome (1896) p. III. V-VI; Codices ex Bibliotheca Meermanniana Phillippici graeci nunc Berolinenses. Descripserunt Guilelmus Studemund et Leopoldus Cohn, Berlin 1890 (—- Part 1 in the collection “Verzeichniss der von der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin erworbenen Meerman-Handschriften des Sir Thomas Philipps”) p. 98.

(I) Berolinensis gr. 223 (Phillippicus 1626). Paper, 15-16th century, 269 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Related to the Vratislaviensis 283 and the Parisinus 1426. All are derived from the family represented by the Ms. Urbinas 84 (C). Niese used it only occasionally (Bell. Jud. 1, 188; 2, 624; 4, 298; 6, 373), and mainly for the page containing Bell. Jud. 1, 238 ff. missing from C.

Niese (1885 ff.) VI p. XI-XII. LIII-LV; Studemund —- Cohn p. 98.

Berolinensis gr. 248 (fol. 8). Paper, 17th century. Contains among other things (written in 1631 AD) excerpts from Josephus, probably from a printed edition.

Verzeichniss der griechischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. II. By C. De Boor (Berlin 1897) p. 125. —-Not in Niese.

(III) Berolinensis gr. 265 (fol. 27). Paper, 14-15th century, 72 pp. Originally contained Ant. Jud. Buch 11-20 (the second decade), and the Vita. Now contains only Ant. Jud. Buch 14-19. This manuscript offers a strongly contaminated text. Not considered by Niese.

Niese (1885 ff.) III p. XI-XII. XLIV-XLV; De Boor p. 137-138.

(Lat. I. II) Berolinensis lat. 226. Niese used it only for Bell. Jud. 4, 503; Ant. Jud. 18, 140.

Niese (1885 ff.) VI p. XXI ; Franz Blatt, The Latin Josephus I (Aarhus 1958) p. 83-84. 110.

Berne

Burgerbibliothek

(Lat. II) Bernensis lat. 118.

Niese (1885 ff.) I p. XXVIII; Franz Rühl, Literarisches Centralblatt 1888, 1552; Franz Blatt, The Latin Josephus I (Aarhus 1958) p. 44. 110; Otto Homburger, Die illustrierten Handschriften der Burgerbibliothek Bern (Bern 1962) p. 42-44.

Bologna

Biblioteca Universitaria

(I.III) Bononiensis gr. 3568. Paper, 14-15th century, 166 pp. Contains on fol. 1-4 Hypotheseis from Bell. Jud. Book 1-7, fol. 4^V the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64), as well as the passage on John the Baptist, Ant. Jud. 18, 116-119 (Tisi\ de\ -kti/nnutai), fol. 5-119 Bell. Jud. Book 1-7, fol. 119v-131 the Vita, fol. 132 ff. Philo.

Thomas William Allen, Notes on Greek Manuscripts in Italian Libraries (London 1890) p. 27; A. Olivieri et N. Festa, Indice dei codici greci delle Biblioteche Universitaria e Communale di Bologna, in: Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica 3 (1895) 385-495 (esp. p. 435) ; See Catalogi codicum graecorum qui in minoribus bibliothecis Italicis asservantur. In duo Volumina collati et novissimis additamentis aucti. Volumen primum. Accuravit Christa Samberger (Leipzig 1965) p. 435 for the codices Bononienses. —- Not in Niese.

Cambridge

University Library

(IV) Cantabrigiensis Ll. IV. 12 (Eliensis). Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains fol. 1-21 Contra Ap. 1, 1-2, 133.

Ch. Daremberg, Notices et extraits des manuscrits médicaux grecs etc. I. Manuscrits grecs d’Angleterre (Paris 1853) p. 166; H. R. Luard, A Catalogue of the Mss. preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge, 5 parts, Cambridge 1856-1867 (part IV, p. 61-62).—-Not in Niese, who erroneously thought that Hudson’s codex Eliensis was the Parisinus gr. 1815; See below for notes against the Parisinus gr. 1815.

(III) Cantabrigiensis gr. (Caius College Nr. 355). Paper, 15-16th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 159-186 part of the 11th and 12th books of Antiquitates Judaicae (11, 1-81; 12, 58-95. 115-157. 167-209. 221-232. 324-412).

Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum Angliae et Hiberniae in unum collecti cum indice alphabetico (Oxford 1697), among the Codices manuscripti Collegii Caio – Gonvilensis, Nr. 948, 7, p. 115; J. J. Smith, A Catalogue of the Mss. in the Library of Gonville and Caius College (Cambridge 1849) p. 169-170; Montague Rhode James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Gonville and Caius College, Volume II (Cambridge 1908) p. 403; Raphael Loewe, Hebrew Books and ‘Judaica’ in Mediaeval Oxford and Cambridge. In: Remember the Days. Essays on Anglo-Jewish History presented to Cecil Roth (London 1966) 23-48 (p. 46 as codex Nr. 355). —- Not in Niese.

Cheltenham

T (I.III) Cheltenhamensis (Phillippicus) 6459. Paper, 11-12th century, contains the Bellum Judaicum and Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64 (Test. Flav.). One page (Bell. Jud. 1, 608-619) is written in a younger (13th century) hand. Niese only used it where the Vaticanus gr. 147 (V) was defective, to which it is closely related, and via a collation by Cardwell (1837).

Flavii Josephi de Bello Judaico libri septem, ed. Edvardus Cardwell (Oxford 1837) I p. VII; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVII. XLII-XLIII; Bibliotheca Patrum Latinorum Britannica. Edited by Heinrich Schenkl. Volume 1, part two. Die Phillips’sche Bibliothek in Cheltenham. Wien 1892 (= H. Schenkl, Bibliotheca Patrum Latinorum Britannica I-III. Hildesheim —-New York, Georg Olms Verlag, 1969) p. 84, Nr. 1629.

Escorial

Bibl. de San Lorenzo del Escorial

(II.III) Escorialensis gr. 307 (304). Paper, written in 1542 in Venice, 652 pp. Contains fol. 1-618 Ant. Jud. books 1-20, fol. 619-652 the Vita. This codex was in the possesion of Diego Hurtado Mendozas, the envoy of Charles V in Venice, and was used by Arnoldus Peraxylus Arlenius for printing the Editio princeps (1544). for this reason, rather than from any investigation, Niese presumed that the Escorialensis 307 was related to the Laurentianus 69, 10 and —- indirectly through the Marcianus 380 —- derived from the Marcianus 381 (M).

Miller, Catalogue des manuscrits grecs de la Bibliothèque de l’Escurial. Amsterdam (Hakkert) 1966 (= reprint of the Paris edition of 1848) p. 266-267; Flavii Josephi opera ed B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XVII-XVIII. LXV-LXVI; Catâlogo de los codices griegos de la Real Biblioteca de el Escorial. Por Gregorio de Andres. II. Codices 179-420 (Madrid 1965) p. 191-192.

(II) Escorialensis gr. 462. Miscellaneous Ms. Contains fol. 319 (12th century.) Ant. Jud. 1, 237-241.

Gregorio de Andres III (Madrid 1967) p. 62-64. —- Not in Niese.

Florence

Bibl. Mediceo-Laurentiana

(IV) Laurentianus 28, 29. Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains extensive excerpts from Contra Ap. 1,73-252. A descendant of the extant Laurentianus 69, 22 (L).

Angelo Maria Bandini, Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Mediceae Laurentianae etc. accuravit Fridolf Kudlien, II (Leipzig 1961, a reprint of vol. II of the Florence 1768 edition with additions) Sp. 53-54, Nr. 7; Flavii Josephi opera ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VII. X (n. 1).

(II) M(III) Laurentianus 69, 10. Paper, 14-16th century. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-20 and the Vita. The manuscript contains heterogeneous components of different periods. Niese used (apart from Ant. Jud. 8, 154) only the older part (from Ant. Jud. 12, 199). The recent part depends on the Marcianus 380. M (in collection III) is closely related to A (A ^corr in the third pentad of Ant. Jud.) and W.

Bandini II pp. 629-630; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XVII. LXV; III p. VIII-IX. XXIX-XXXIV. —- The report by Krawczynski-Riedinger (Byzant. Zeitschr. 57, 1964, 8 n. 11) that Laurentianus 69, 10 was used by Ralph Marcus (Josephus with an English Translation by Thackeray, Marcus, Wikgren, Feldman, London 1926 ff.) following Neise is unfounded.

N (I) Laurentianus 69, 17. 12th century, 225 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. N is closely related to the Palatinus Vaticanus gr. 284 (R) and the Lipsiensis gr. 37, without being a copy of either. Niese considered N —- via a collation by Cardwell (Flavii Josephi de Bello Judaico libri septem, Oxford 1837) —- as a substitute to use when R failed.

Bandini II Sp. 639; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XII. XLV.

L (I) Laurentianus 69, 19. Parchment, 11-12th century, 363 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. The loss of some pages has been made good in a younger hand. These are Bell. Jud. 6, 389-399; 7, 375-388. The manuscript offers —- by comparison with the well-known grouping of manuscripts into families or classes —- a contaminated text (mixed text), which also has some singular interpolations. However, together with the Latin and Eusebius, it not seldom contains the best text.

Bandini II pp. 640; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. VIII-IX. XXXIII-XXXVI; Eusebius Werke. Zweiter Band : Die Kirchengeschichte. Ed. by Eduard Schwartz. Dritter Teil (Leipzig 1909) p. CLXIII-CLXIV.

L (II) F (III) Laurentianus 69, 20. Paper, 14th century, 198 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. Buch 1-15 and 4 Maccabees. It has a strongly contaminated text. Binding errors link this manuscript nearest to the Vaticanus 147 (V); less closely (for collection III) to the Palatinus Vaticanus 14 (P) and the Lugdunensis 16 J (L). The Laurentianus 69, 20, which seldom is the only one with the best text, has only been partially considered by Niese.

Bandini II Sp. 640; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XIV-XVI. XLVIII-LII; III p.V. XXIV-XXIX.

L (IV) Laurentianus 69, 22. 11th century, 38 pp. Contains Contra Ap. books 1-2; missing are 2,51-113. This lacuna (and exceedingly Verderbnisse) is found in all the younger Greek Mss. of Contra Apionem, which are thereby shown to be direct or indirect copies of the Laurentianus 69, 22. This manuscript does not offer a text of the best quality, with additions and modifications by a Christian hand, particularly Contra Ap. 2, 163-217. An Textzeugniswert übertreffen diesen Kodex oft die The Constantinian excerpts often offer a better text than this codex, as does the Latin translation, and even Eusebius. However the negative evaluation of this manuscript by Niese seems to be excessive.

Bandini II pp. 641-642; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. IV-VI. IX sqq.; Flavii Josephii opera recognovit B. Niese (Berlin 1888-1895) V p. III; Alfred von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften (Leipzig 1889-1894) IV p. 375; Franz Rühl, Rheinisches Museum 48 (1893) 565; Théodore Reinach, Flavius Josephe Contre Apion (Paris 1930) p. VIII; K. Mras, Rheinisches Museum 92 (1944) 220.

(Epit.) Laurentianus 69, 23. 14th century. Contains the Epitome Antiquitatum. Only occasionally used by Niese in his Editio maior (for Ant. Jud. 20, 157. 171. 258).

Bandini II pp. 642-643; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XIX-XX; III p. XII. LXIV; IV p. IV. VII; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. III. V-VI.

(I.) Laurentianus 69, 36. 14th century, 214 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Belongs to the periphery of the group of manuscripts centered on the Urbinas 84 (C). In Niese (for Bell. Jud. 1, 155. 572; 3, 103) this codex is referred to only as “Med.(icaeus)”, following Cardwell (Flavii Josephi de Bello Judaico libri septem, Oxford 1837), whose collation he used.

Bandini II pp. 649; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XII. LI. LIII.

(I) Laurentianus 74,13. 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains fol. 290 Bell. Jud. 6, 201-212, fol. 309 Bell. Jud. 3, 374-378, fol. 343 Bell. Jud. 2, 117-166.

Bandini III pp. 115. —- Not in Niese.

(Lat. II) Laurentianus lat. 66, 1.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXIX; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I p. 32. 107.

L(Lat. II) Laurentianus lat. 66, 2. Appears in Niese with the Siglum L in the lacuna Contra Ap. 2, 51-113.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VIII ; Flavii Josephi opera ex versione latina antiqua, ed. Carolus Boysen. Pars VI. De Judaeorum vetustate sive contra Apionem libri II (Prag —- Wien —- Leipzig 1898) p. II-III; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I S. 28.107.

Heidelberg

Universitätsbibliothek

(II.III) Palatinus (Heidelbergensis) gr. 129. Paper, Middle of the 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms, 141 pp. Contains excerpts from different books. Some or all of those from Antiquitates Judaicae were copied from a manuscript of the Epitome.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXX. LXII; III p. XV. XLIII; Codices manuscripti Palatini graeci Bibliothecae Vaticanae descripti etc. recensuit et digessit Henricus Stevenson Senior (Rom 1885) p. 61-62; Artur Biedl, Der Heidelberger cod. Pal. gr. 129 —- die Notizensammlung eines byzantinischen Gelehrten. Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft 3 (1948) 100-105.

Copenhagen

Kongelige Bibliotek

(I.II) Hafniensis (Rostgaardianus) 1569. Paper, End of the 14th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum and the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). The contaminated text of this manuscript, often contaminated by changes and additions, is closely related to VR, and is also connected by common features to the Lugdunensis fol. gr. 72 and other codices. Only occasionally mentioned by Niese (Bell. Jud. 1, 228. 646; 2, 520; 4, 70. 547-649; 5Paper, End of the 14th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum and the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). The contaminated text of this manuscript, often contaminated by changes and additions, is closely related to VR, and is also connected by common features to the Lugdunensis fol. gr. 72 and other codices. Only occasionally mentioned by Niese (Bell. Jud. 1, 228. 646; 2, 520; 4, 70. 547-649; 5Paper, End of the 14th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum and the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). The contaminated text of this manuscript, often contaminated by changes and additions, is closely related to VR, and is also connected by common features to the Lugdunensis fol. gr. 72 and other codices. Only occasionally mentioned by Niese (Bell. Jud. 1, 228. 646; 2, 520; 4, 70. 547-649; 5, 316.360; 6, 72.93).

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVII. XLIX-L; Articles originaux publiés dans divers recueils par Charles Graux. Édition posthume… par Ch.-Émilé Ruelle (Paris 1893), of which pp. 225-336: “Rapport sur les manuscrits grecs de Copenhague” (S. 266-267 zum Kodex 1569).

(IV) Hafniensis J570. Paper, 15th century. Contains Contra Apionem. Like every other Ms. of Contra Apionem, it is descended from Laurentianus 69, 22. Used by Niese for Contra Ap. 1, 81 (indirectly through Hudson).

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VI. X; Graux p. 267.

Leiden

Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit

(III) Vossianus gr. F 26 (Lugduno-Batavus, L.B., Voss, in Niese). Paper, 15-16th century. Contains Ant. Jud. Buch 12-20 and the Vita. An apograph of Ambrosianus 370 (A). Niese made only sporadic use of this Ms. (Ant. Jud. 12,150; 16,76.228.251; 17,84; 18,337; 19, 135. 149- 294), via the references in Hudson (Flavii Josephi opera, Oxford 1720) and Haverkamp (Flavii Josephi opera, Amsterdam-Leiden-Utrecht 1726) .

Senguerd, J. Gronovius, J. Heyman, Catalogus librorum tam impressorum quam manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Publicae Universitatis Lugduno-Batavae (Leiden 1716) p. 392; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. XII. XLV. LIV; Bibliotheca Academica Lugduno-Batavae. Catalogus. Deel XIV. Inventaris van de Handschriften. Eerste Afdeeling (Leiden 1932) p. 18; Bibliotheca Universitatis Leidensis. Codices manuscripti. VI. Codices Vossiani Graeci et miscellanei. Descripsit K. A. De Meyier (Leiden 1955) p. 28-29.

(I.III) Vossianus gr. F 72 (Lugduno-Batavus, L.B., Voss, bei Niese). Paper, 1st half of the 15th century, 138 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum, into which is inserted at 2, 167 the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). It lacks Bell. Jud. 7, 234-455. The strongly contaminated text has most in common with the Vaticanus gr. 148 (V) and the Palatinus Vaticanus gr. 284 (R). Scholarly correctors of the 16th and 17th century have emended it, often with good results. Niese considered the good readings of this Ms. as resulting from conjecture rather than transmission, and so only used it eclectically (e.g. Bell. Jud. 1, 72. 93. 128. 200. 201. 209. 250. 374), and particularly following the materials in Hudson (Flavii Josephi opera, Oxford 1720) and Haverkamp (Flavii Josephi opera, Amsterdam-Leiden-Utrecht 1726). In Naber (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Leipzig 1888-1896), who often gives more accurate data because of direct contact with the Ms., it is given as agreeing with the Vossianus gr. F 72 in 82 places, in Niese in 9 places (two of these are conjectures — a characteristic of this Ms. — not from the text, namely Bell. Jud. 1, 209; 4, 558). Niese’s horror of conjectures conceals the fact that good conjectures, as in secondary manuscripts can restore a corrupt text. Also it should be considered that the good readings of the Vossianus are not solely due to conjecture, but partly come into the text in the process of contamination.

Catalogus librorum etc. (Leiden 1716) p. 395 ; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XIV. XLVI-XLVIII; Flavii Josephi opera omnia, ed. S. A. Naber, V p. V; Paul Wendland, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1896, 1070; Carl Frick, Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 1897, 646; Bibliotheca Academica etc. (1932) p. 20; De Meyier p. 84-85; See A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. . . by Falconer Madan, V (Oxford 1905) p. 54, Nr. 24727 (contains fol. 132 a partial collation of the Vossianus against Haverkamp’s edition [Amsterdam-Leiden-Utrecht 1726]).

L (III) Lugdunensis 16 J (erroneously “F 13” in Niese). Parchment, 11-12th century, 210 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. Buch 11-15. Related to the Laurentianus 69, 20 (F) and Vaticanus gr. 147 (V); none of the links to the Palatinus Vaticanus gr. 14 (p) permit us to assume contamination.

H. Holwerda, Emendationum Flavianarum specimen, Gorinchemi 1847 (in the unpaginated introduction); Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. V-VI. XXVI-XXIX; Bibliotheca Academica etc. (1932) p. 90; Bibliotheca Universitatis Leidensis. Codices Manuscripti. VIII. Codices Bibliothecae Publicae Graeci. Descripsit K. A. De Meyier adiuvante E. Hulshoff Pol. (Leiden 1965) p. 23-24.

(II) Vossianus Misc. 7. Fol. 54-55 (17th century) contains Ant. Jud. 9, 218-265.

Catalogus librorum etc. (Leiden 1716) p. 401-402; De Meyier p. 238-240. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Vossianus gr. Q 13. Contains fol. 43-48 (17th century) the Agrippa story from Bell. Jud. 2,345-404.

Catalogus librorum etc. (Leiden 1716) p. 395-396 ; De Meyier p. 107-108. —- Not in Niese.

Leipzig

Bibliothek der Universität

(II) Lipsiensis gr. 16 (361). Parchment, scrapbook-manuscript, of which the oldest part was written in the 9-10th century. Fol. 322-325 contains an excerpt from Ant. Jud. Buch 10, which however agrees neither with the Epitome Antiquitatum nor with Zonaras.

Katalog der Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek zu Leipzig, III. Die griechischen Handschriften. Von V. Gardt-hausen (Leipzig 1898) p. 21. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Lipsiensis gr. 37 (738). Parchment, 10-11th century, 289 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum and (from fol. 271) 4 Maccabees. Copied from the same exemplar as Palatinus gr. 284 (R), thus only used eclectically by Niese (e.g. Bell. Jud. 1, 36.155. 276. 292. 302. 390. 410. 419. 437). Fol. 1-23 are later (14th century) supplemented from the closely related Urbinas gr. 84 (C).

Westermann, Excerptorum ex bibliothecae Paulinae Lipsiensis libris manuscriptis pars altera (Leipzig 1866, 16 S.) gives a collation with Bell. Jud. book 5; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XIII-XIV. XLIII-XLV; Gardthausen p. 49-50.

Milan

Bibliotheca Ambrosiana

(Lat. II) Ambrosianus papyraceus. 6-7th century.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXVIII ; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I S. 26-27. 107.

(Lat. II) Ambrosianus A 122 inf.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. XIV.

(I) Ambrosianus 139 (B 119 sup.). Parchment, 10th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains (with gaps) fol. 146 Bell. Jud. 1, 373-379; 2, 345-367. 396. 400. 401; 4. 163-166. 168. 173-179. 185. 189-191; 6, 34-53.

Catalogus codicum graecorum Bibliothecae Ambrosianae. Digesserunt Aemidius Martini et Dominicus Bassi. 2 Bde. (Milan 1906) I p. 157-160. —- Not in Niese.

A (I) A (II) Ambrosianus 234 (D 50 sup.). Parchment, start of the 11th century, 289 pp. Contains on fol. 1-269 the Bellum Judaicum, fol. 269-285 Ant. Jud. 2, 196-349. Small passages are missing or added by a later hand. For collection I this Ambrosianus is very similar to Parisinus gr. 1425 (p); but distinct errors show that the two are separate branches of the transmission. Niese overrated the value of the Ambrosianus 234 (see Parisinus gr. 1425). For collection II the Ambrosianus offers a text closely related to the group MSPL —- Niese erroneously (Flavii Josephi opera, Berlin 1885-1895) I p. LXI included the Vaticanus gr. 147 (v).

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895 I p. XXIX. LXI; VI p. VI-VII. XXIX-XXXI; H. van Herwerden, Mnemosyne 21 (1893) 263; Martini-Bassi I S. 262-263; M. L. Gengaro-Fr. Leoni-G. Villa, Codici decorati e miniati dell’ Ambrosiana ebraici e greci, Milano [sine anno] p. 112.

(I) Ambrosianus 270 (E 9 sup.). Paper, start of the 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains excerpts from the Bellum Judaicum. Niese used only samples from it.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XIX. LVI; Martini-Bassi I p. 298-302.

(I.II.III) Ambrosianus 290 (E 64 sup.). Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 125-126 Ant. Jud. 3, 179-187; 18, 63-64. 116-119; Bell. Jud. 5, 393 ff. —- Not considered by Niese.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXX; III p. XV; Martini-Bassi I p. 319-325.

(I.III) Ambrosianus 350 (F 93 sup.). Paper, 13th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains excerpts from the Bellum Judaicum and the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64).

Bassi, Estratti da Flavio Giuseppe in un cod. Ambrosiano. Rendiconti Istit. Lomb. disc, e lett., ser. II vol. 36 (1903) 707-715; Martini-Bassi I p. 405-408. —- Not in Niese.

A (III) Ambrosianus 370 (F 128 sup. ; Niese in vol. IV p. III erroneously calls it “F 128 inf.”). Parchment, 11th century, 389 (379) pp. Contains Ant. Jud. Buch 11-20 and the Vita. Damaged at the beginning. It lacks Ant. Jud. 16, 18-30. The missing part 11, 184-280 has been added in a younger hand (according to Niese from L). In the third pentad of Antiquitates Judaicae it shows a very close relation in the group AMW to AM, especially to A^corr M, while A^ante ^corr (A¹) is closer to W.There is also a connection between A and the usually opposed group PF(L)V, and particularly P. In the fourth pentad the commonality of AMW loosens, in that a three-way split becomes noticeable: A^ante ^corr (A¹), MW, and A^corr, so that A moves still closer to P than in the third pentad. A^corr often offers a longer text, raising the suspicion of interpolation. In the Vita the quality of A diminishes by comparison with MW. Naber (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Leipzig 1888-1896) III p. IV differs from Niese in preferring A before P, not without reason, and prefers MW to either. The Josephus-exemplar, that Eusebius used during the composition of the Church History, supports this positive evaluation of A, and through some agreements with MW also supports their value.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. VI-VIII. XXIX-XXXIV; Martini-Bassi I p. 436; Eusebius Werke. Zweiter Band: Die Kirchengeschichte. Hg. von Eduard Schwartz. Dritter Teil (Leipzig 1909) p. CLXXX.

Ambrosianus 409 (G 69 sup.). Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 341^r excerpts from Oreibasios and the Antiquitates Judaicae.

Martini-Bassi I p. 488-493. —- Not in Niese.

Ambrosianus 945 (D 246 inf.). Paper, 16th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 77-80 an investigation, “Observationes in locum Polybii ubi agit de Figura Italiae” (so Martini-Bassi), containing many citations from Appian, Diodorus Siculus, Dionysius of Halikarnassus, Flavius Josephus and Polybius.

Martini-Bassi II p. 104 2-104 3. —- Not in Niese.

Naples

Biblioteca Nazionale

Neapolitanus II. C. 32 (erroneously II. C. 33 in Cyrillus). Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 318 excerpts from Flavius Josephus.

Codices Graeci Mss. Regiae Bibliothecae Borbonicae descripti atque illustrati a Salvatore Cyrillo (2 Bde. Neapel 1826-1832) II p. 5-6. —- Not in Niese.

(I.III) Neapolitanus III. B. 17. Paper, 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 1-99 contains the Bellum Judaicum as well as the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). Not considered by Niese.

Cyrillus II p. 319; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XIV. XLIII.

(I.II.III) Neapolitanus III. B. 18. Paper, 14th century, 93 pp. Contains in continuous order excerpts from Ant. Jud. Buch 4-18 (beginning at 4, 96) and (on fol. 77-93) from the Bellum Judaicum, beginning at 2, 119. This Neapolitanus is not considered by Niese (apart from Ant. Jud. 4, 97) because of its substantial agreement with V for collection I, with LV for collection II, with V in the third pentad of Antiquitates Judaicae and with MW in the fourth pentad.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXX. LXII; III p. XV. XLIII. LVI; VI p. XIX. LVI; Cyrillus II p. 320.

(I) Neapolitanus III. B. 19. Paper, end of the 15th century, 207 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. The beginning (1,1-5) is missing; the seventh book has many gaps, particularly at the end. In general close to PA, especially A, but there are many links with the contamination in VR. Not considered by Niese.

Cyrillus II p. 321; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) IV p. XIV-XV. XL-XLII.

(Lat. II) Neapolitanus lat. V F 34. Mentioned by Niese for Ant. Jud. 11, 148.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXIX; III p. XIV; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I p. 27-28. 107.

New Haven

Yale University Library

(III) Yale Nr. 275. Paper, 14th century, 32 pp. Contains the Vita.

Supplement to the Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. Originated by C. U. Faye, continued and edited by W. H. Bond (New York 1962) p. 48. —- Not in Niese.

Oxford

Bodleian Library

(II.Ill) Baroccianus 30. 14th century, 64 pp. Contains excerpts from Ant. Jud. books 1-12. Not considered by Niese.

Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum Angliae et Hiberniae in unum collecti cum indice alphabetico (Oxford 1697) I 1, p. 4; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXX. LXII; III p. XV.

(III) Baroccianus 142. Paper, 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 205^v-211 heavily epitomised excerpts from Antiquitates Judaicae and the Vita. De Boor showed that the ascription of this text to Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopulos was a falsification, who therefore did not deliberately amend the transmitted text. Thus the Baroccianus must be placed here and not in the secondary tradition.

Catalogi librorum etc. I 1, p. 19; C. De Boor, Zur Kenntnis der Handschriften der griechischen Kirchenhistoriker. Codex Baroccianus 142. Zeitschr. f. Kirchengesch. (Gotha) 6 (1884) 478-494. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Baroccianus 151. Paper, 15th century, 315 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Seems to be an apograph of the Hafniensis 1569. Niese used it occasionally (Bell. Jud. 1, 42. 228. 343; 2, 520) and indirectly via the materials of Bernard (Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum libri quatuor priores et pars magna quinti. . . Item Historiarum de Bello Judaico liber primus et pars secundi etc., Oxford 1700) and Hudson (Flavii Josephi opera, Oxford 1720).

Catalogi librorum etc. I 1, p. 20; H. O. Coxe, Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum qui in collegiis aulisque Oxoniensibus hodie adservantur. I 1 (Oxford 1853) p. 264; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XV. L.

O (II.III) Bodleianus 186. Paper, 15th century. Contains Ant. Jud. book 1-12, 39. Is very similar to the Parisinus gr. 1421 (R), but was not copied from this (somewhat older) manuscript, but both are descendants of the same exemplar, as separation errors show the independence of O. Niese overrates the value of RO so strongly, that he not seldom prefers the readings from the incomprehensible or plainly incorrect hypearchetype to the excellent readings of other Mss. For collection III, Niese only partially used the Bodleianus. It is closely related to LA(W), but has also been influenced by PFLV and must be considered a contaminated text.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. X-XI. XXXII-XXXIV; III p. X-XI. XLIII-XLIV.

Bodleianus 15566 (Bigotianus). 17th century. Contains a collection of E. Bigotius’ manuscript readings from Italian Josephus codices. The Laurentianus 69, 22 is the ultimate source of all these readings. Niese cited the Bigotianus (indirectly through Hudson) for Bell. Jud. 5, 145. 531; Contra Ap. 1, 81.

A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. . . by Falconer Madan. Ill (Oxford 1895) p. 437.

Canonicianus 56. Paper, 16th century. Miscellaneous Ms, 499 pp. Fol. 165 ff contains pieces of a theological nature, including mentions of Josephus.

Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae pars tertia, codices graecos et latinos Canonicianos complectens. Confecit Henricus O. Coxe (Oxford 1854) Pp. 63-65. —- Not in Niese.

C (Lat. I. II) Canonicianus lat. 148. Given the siglum C for Contra Ap. 2, 51-113, as well as Contra Ap. 2, 25. 277.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. XIV; V p. VIII; Flavii Josephi opera ex versione latina etc, ed. Carolus Boysen. Pars VI. De Judaeorum vetustate sive Contra Apionem libri II (Prag-Wien-Leipzig 1898) p. VII-VIII ; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I S. 28. 100.

New College

NC (III) OxoniensisNovi Collegii 44. Parchment, 11th century, Miscellaneous Ms, 231 pp. Fol. 218^v sqq. contain Ant. Jud. 12, 1-245, but not always in the exact words of Josephus, but augmented with numerous additions from chronographic literature, so that it becomes a kind of historical preface-compendium to the next text, 4 Maccabees. This large piece (known as Syncellus’ “Ptolemaikon” because of its contents) offers a contaminated text, closest to FLV. Used by Niese only for Ant. Jud. 12, 2.7.35. 118.123.130.150 sqq. contain Ant. Jud. 12, 1-245, but not always in the exact words of Josephus, but augmented with numerous additions from chronographic literature, so that it becomes a kind of historical preface-compendium to the next text, 4 Maccabees. This large piece (known as Syncellus’ “Ptolemaikon” because of its contents) offers a contaminated text, closest to FLV. Used by Niese only for Ant. Jud. 12, 2.7.35. 118.123.130.150.192.223.224.

O. Coxe, Catalogus codicum I 7, p. 11; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. XV-XVI. XLVIII-XLIX.

Paris

Bibliothèque Nationale

(III) Parisinus gr. 961. 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains as Nr. 2 in the sequence the Testimonia about Christ and John the Baptist.

Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Regiae. II (Paris 1740) p. 187. —- Not in Niese.

(Epit.) Parisinus gr. 1418. Parchment, 14th century. Contains the Epitome Antiquitatum Buch 1-13 and den Anfang des 14. Buches.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 316 ; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XX; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. V. VII.

P (II) Parisinus gr. 1419. Parchment, 11th century, 295 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-10. Binding errors link P firstly with the Vindobonensis hist. gr. 20 (S), but also with MLV Epit. Lat. The text must be considered as thoroughly contaminated.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 316; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XIII. XXXIX-XLVIII ; II p. VI.

(III) Parisinus gr. 1420. Paper, 15-16th century, 263 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. books 11-20 and the Vita. In the third pentad of Ant. Jud. this is a descendant of the Vaticanus 147 (V). In the fourth pentad and Vita it offers a strongly contaminated and interpolated text, closest to A, but also linked to the Epit., MW and the Marcianus 380. The Parisinus gr. 1420 is not used by Niese for the organisation of the text. Apparently identical to the anonymous ” cod. Gall. “, which Niese occasionally quotes on the basis of the materials in Hudson (Flavii Josephi opera, Oxford 1720) and Haverkamp (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Amsterdam-Leiden-Utrecht 1726): Ant. Jud. 17, 304; 20, 10. 53. 59. 61. in. 116. 261. 263.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 316; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. XI. XLVII-XLVIII. LVII.

R (II) Parisinus gr. 1421. Paper, 14th century, 310 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. book 1-10. Lacking Ant. Jud. 1, 1-13. 66-92; 10, 274-281. In various places, especially Ant. Jud. 10, 225-274, it is impossible to make out the reading. A descendant of the same ancestor as the Bodleianus 186 (O). Niese overrates the value of RO.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 316; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. IX-X.XXXII-XXXIX; Naber (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Leipzig 1888-1896) I p. III-IV.

(Epit.) Parisinus gr. 1422. Paper, 16th century. Contains the Epitome Antiquitatum.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 316; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXI; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. IV. VII.

(I) R (III) Parisinus gr. 1423. Parchment, 13-14th century, 192 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum and the Vita. For the Bellum Judaicum (collection I) it belongs to the family represented by the Urbinas gr. 84 (C) and is not considered by Niese. For collection III it offers a text which agrees sometimes with P, sometimes with AMW, thus is clearly contaminated, but alone in a number of places contains the genuine reading. Haverkamp (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Amsterdam-Leiden-Utrecht 1726) II (Anhang) p. 171-175 gives a collation of this Parisinus (“Regius”), which following Naber (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Leipzig 1888-1896) Niese occasionally corrected, e.g. Vita 99. 107. 139. Pelletier, Flavius Josephe: Autobiographie (Paris 1959) p. XXV prefers R because of its quality. A. Garzya objected to this (Bolletino del Comitato per la Preparazione dell’ Edizione nazionale dei Classici greci e latini 9, 1961, 42).

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 316-317; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. XL XXXIV-XXXV; VI p. XV. LI.

(Epit.) Parisinus gr. 1424. Paper, 14-15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains among other things the Epitome Antiquitatum.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 317; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XX-XXI; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. IV. VII.

P (I) Parisinus gr. 1425. Parchment, 10-11th century, 233 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Lacking 1,13-80; 6,388-7,44. In books 6-7 many letters near the edge of the page can no longer be read. Very similar to the Ambrosianus 234 (A), but differs in lacunae. Niese overrated the value of PA.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 317; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. V-VI. XXIX-XXXI; VII p. V.

(I) Parisinus gr. 1426. Paper, 15th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Closely related to the Vratislaviensis 283 and the Berolinensis gr. 223. It or its ancestor belongs to the large family centered on the Urbinas gr. 84 (C). This Parisinus was only indirectly used by Niese —- through Haverkamp (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Amsterdam-Leiden-Utrecht 1726) —- for Bell. Jud. 6, 326 (in the Addenda et Corrigenda).

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 317 ; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XV. LI-LV.

(I) Parisinus gr. 1427. Parchment, 12-13th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum (without the end of book 5, book 6 and the beginning of book 7). Belongs to the family of the Urbinas gr. 84 (C). Niese used it only for Bell. Jud. 1, 238-247; 7, 446-448 as replacement for C.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 317; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XV-XVI. LI-LIII.

(I) Parisinus gr. 14.28. Paper, 14th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum (fol. 1-162) and some dialogues of Lucian. Belongs to the family of the Urbinas gr. 84 (C), without being directly copied from C, like other members of this group. Niese only used it for Bell. Jud. 4, 298 (in the Addenda et Corrigenda) .

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 317; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVI. LI. LIII. LXXII.

(I) Parisinus gr. 1428 A. Parchment, 12th century. Contains Bellum Judaicum book 2 (but missing the start and end of the book), the remainder of book 3 and book 4.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 620. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Parisinus gr. 1429. Parchment, 11th century. Contains from the Bellum Judaicum the second book almost complete, the third complete, only a few pages of the fourth book, in detail: 2,43-48.50-55.57-134. 197-225. 273-409. 424-654; 3, 1-542; 4, 1-61. 284-325. This Parisinus is the oldest member of the family represented by the Urbinas gr. 84 (C), and somewhat older than C itself. Because of its rudimentary condition, C is used in preference. Niese left it unconsidered (apart from Bell. Jud. 4, 298).

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 317; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVI. XXXIX. LI-LIII.

(Epit.) Parisinus gr. 1601. Parchment, written in 1323AD. Contains the Epitome Antiquitatum.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 371 ; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XX; III p. XII; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. IV-VII.

(II) Parisinus gr. 1602. Paper, 15-16th century, 384 pp. Contains the first two pentads of the Antiquitates Judaicae (without the tenth and part of the ninth books). Not considered by Niese.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 371; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XVII.

(I) Parisinus gr. 1603. 16th century. Miscellaneous Ms. Contains (as Nr. 1 in the sequence) the Agrippa story from Bell. Jud. 2, 345-401.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 371. —-Not in Niese.

(III) Parisinus gr. 1630. 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains (as Nr. 36 in the sequence) the passages about Jesus and John the Baptist (Ant. Jud. 18,63-64. 116-119; 20,200).

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 377. —- Not in Niese.

(II.IV) Parisinus gr. 1815. Paper, 16th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains fol. 325^r-348^v Contra Ap. 1, 1 – 2, 133, i.e. the exact same piece as in Cantabrigiensis Ll. IV. 12 (Eliensis), with which it is also textually identical. The identity of this manuscript presumed by Niese with Hudson’s Codex Eliensis is unfounded. Not used by Niese apart from Contra Ap. 1, 193. 292. Immediately before Contra Apionem in the Ms. (Nr. 9 im Catalogus) are Excerpta from Ant. Jud. book 2.

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 406; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VII. X; Alfred von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften (Leipzig 1889-1894) IV p. 376.

(III) Parisinus gr. 2075. 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains (as Nr. 4 in the sequence of the Catalogus) the Josephus passages concerning Jesus Christus (Ant. Jud. 18,63-64; 20, 200).

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 439. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Parisinus gr. 2077. 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains (as Nr. 4 in the Catalogus) the Agrippa story in Bell. Jud. 2, 345 ff.

Catalogus codicum etc. II p. 440. —- Not in Niese.

Parisinus gr. 2610. 16. century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains (as Nr. 14 in the Catalogus) “Fragmentum e Josephi antiquitatibus excerptum”. —- Not in Niese.

(I.III) Parisinus gr. 2991 A. Written in 1420AD, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains among other things excerpts from the Bellum Judaicum (speeches by Agrippa, Josephus, Titus) and the Antiquitates Judaicae (Testimonium Flavianum).

Catalogus Codicum etc. II p. 625-626. —- Not in Niese.

(Uli) Coislinianus gr. 131. Paper, end of the 14th century, 238 pp. Contains part of Pseudo-Josephus Peri\ th~j tou~ panto_j ai0ti/aj and Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64. 116-119; 20, 199-203, also the report on Jesus Christus and early Christianity, as well as on fol. 11-238^vthe Bellum Judaicum books 1-7, 151 with many gaps or additions in a younger hand. Niese did not consider this codex, which offers a strongly contaminated text related to VR (only mentioned for Bell. Jud. 2, 149. 156).

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVII. L-LI; Bibliothèque Nationale. Departement des manuscrits. Catalogue des manuscrits grecs. II. Le Fonds Coislin. Par Robert Devreesse (Paris 1945) p. 123-124.

(III) Coislinianus gr. 192. 14-15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 2^V the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64).

Devreesse S. 165. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Coislinianus gr. 228. Parchment, 11th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 88-95^v Bell. Jud. 2, 56-195. A mixed text type, closest to (L)V(R). Only mentioned twice by Niese in the apparatus (Bell. Jud. 2, 149. 156).

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVIII. XLIII; Devreesse S. 207-208.

(Lat. I. II) Parisinus lat. 1615 (erroneously “1655” in Niese). Parchment, 14th century. Contains Contra Apionem and the Bellum Judaicum. Referred to by Niese for Contra Ap. 2, 66. 112. 277.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VIII; Flavii Josephi opera ex versione latina antiqua. Pars VI. Ed. Carolus Boysen (Prag-Wien-Leipzig 1898) p. VI; Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue général des manuscrits latins. Tome II (Nr. 1439-2692), publié sous la direction de Ph. Lauer (Paris 1940) p. 90; The Latin Josephus, éd. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I p. 112.

(Lat. I. II) Parisinus lat. 5049. Parchment, 13th century. Contains the Antiquitates Judaicae, the books against Apion and the Bellum Judaicum. Mentioned by Niese for Contra Ap. 2, 58. 81. 106. 112. 277.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VIII; Flavii Josephi opera ex versione latina antiqua. Pars VI. Ed. Carolus Boysen (Prag-Wien-Leipzig 1898) p. VI; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I p. 75. 108.

Rome

Bibliotheca Vaticana

(II. III) Vaticanus gr. 112. Paper, 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 135-136 some excerpts from the Antiquitates Judaicae.

Codices Vaticani Graeci. Recensuerunt Johannes Mercati et Pius Franchi de Cavalieri. Tomus I. Codices 1-329 (Rom 1923) p. 134-136. —- Not in Niese.

V (II. III) Vaticanus gr. 147. Paper, 13-14th century. Contains (with some gaps) Ant. Jud. books 3-15. Originally the first pentad was complete. For collection II this Ms. is connected with Laurentianus 69, 20 (L) by common errors, but also with MSP Epit. Lat. But there is also strong influence from RO, so that V like L has suffered from contamination. For collection III the Vaticanus gr. 147 likewise is related to the Laurentianus 69, 20 (F), and then the Lugdunensis 16 J (L). On the other hand the many things in common between V or even FLV and the Palatinus Vaticanus gr. 14 (P), show that the Vaticanus gr. 147 offers a mixed text which is evident only very seldom by the separation errors. Niese only partially used the Vaticanus gr. 147.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XVI. XXXIX. XLVIII-LII; III p. IX-X. XXV-XXIX; Mercati – Franchi de Cavalieri I p. 170-171.

V (I) (B) (III) Vaticanus gr. 148. Parchment, 10.-11. century, 214 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum (the missing portion 1, 493-623 was added in the 15th century) together with the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). V is closely connected by common errors to RC. V offers (like R) a text disfigured through numerous interpolations and arbitrary changes. However its independence as a textual witness is secured by the fact that occasionally it alone offers the reading probably genuine. For collection III, and also for the Testimonium Flavianum, the Vaticanus gr. 148 is referred to by Niese with the Marcianus 383 (M) under siglum B.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. IX. XXXVI-XXXVII ; Mercati-Franchi de Cavalieri I p. 171-172.

(II) Vaticanus gr. 228. 14. century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 305 contains an excerpt from the Antiquitates Judaicae (1, 37 ff.).

Mercati-Franchi de Cavalieri I p. 298-299. —- Not in Niese.

(III) Vaticanus gr. 342. Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 282^v contains the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64).

Codices Vaticani Graeci. Tomus II. Codices 330-603. Recensuit Robertus Devreesse (Rom 1937) p. 15-18. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Vaticanus gr. 485. Paper, 13. century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 260 contains excerpts from the Bellum Judaicum (4, 451-484. 530-533; 6, 292. 293. 420; 7, 96-99. 178-185).

Devreesse p. 294-298. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Vaticanus gr. 983. Paper, 15th century, 339 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Offers a mixed text. Not considered by Niese.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVII. LI.

(I) W (III) (Epit.) Vaticanus gr. 984. Parchment, written in 1354 AD. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-20, the first decade in the Epitome version, also the Vita and the Bellum Judaicum. For collection I the Vaticanus gr. 984 belongs to the family of manuscripts represented by the Urbinas gr. 84 (C). For collection III (where it is missing Ant. Jud. 14, 185-301 ; 17, 94-296) it is close to AMW, W is particularly connected to A^ante ^corr (A 1), and has not a little in common with PF(L)V, particularly with P and L. In the fourth pentad of the Antiquitates Judaicae the grouping changes, and W connected before all with the Laurentianus 69, 10 (M), although other affinities are present, as to P and M^marg. Even if W also offers a rather mixed text, its character as an independent tradition is thus nevertheless established. This particularly applies to the Vita, where W in combination with M repeatedly offers what is most likely the genuine text. Niese only considered the Vaticanus gr. 984 for collection III.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXI-XXII; III p. X.XXIX-XXXIV; VI p. XVII-XVIII. LI. LIII; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. IV. VII. Supplement, p.215.

(II) Vaticanus gr. 1304. Parchment, 14th century, 262 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. 1,1 -4, 87; 6-10. Offers a text very close to SP, also connected to RO, but the text is disfigured by correction. Not considered by Niese, apart from a mention in the apparatus to Ant. Jud. 8, 148.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. VIII. XVI. LXII-LXIV.

(Lat.I) Vaticanus lat. 1992. 10th century. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Mentioned by Niese for Bell. Jud. 4, 503.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XX; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I p. 112.

Ottobonianus gr. 76. Paper, 17th century, Miscellaneous Ms, 256 pp. Fol. 147-149 contains ‘Apo_ tou~ prw&tou Flabi/ou ‘Iwsh&pou. I have not determined which of the works of Josephus are included.

Codices Manuscripti Graeci Ottoboniani Bibliothecae Vaticanae. Recensuerunt E. Feron et F. Battaglini (Rom 1893) p. 48. —- Not in Niese.

(IV) Barberinianus gr. 100 (I 100). Paper, 15-16th century, 10 pp. Contains Contra Apionem 1, 1-141. Like all other Mss. for collection IV it is derived from the Laurentianus 69, 22 (L).

Wendland, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1891, 950; Seymour De Ricci, Liste sommaire des manuscrits grecs de la Bibliotheca Barberina, Revue des Bibliothèques 17 (1907) 90; Codices Barberiniani Graeci. Tomus I. Codices 1-163. Recensuit Valentinus Capocci (Rom 1958) p. 138-139. —- Not in Niese.

P (III) Palatinus gr. 14. Parchment, beginning of the 14th century, 315 pp. Originally contained Ant. Jud. Buch 11-20, Vita; now missing books 18, 19, 20; in addition the manuscript is now otherwise incomplete. Niese overrated the (certainly great) value of P to the disadvantage of the other text witnesses.

Codices manuscripti Palatini graeci Bibliothecae Vaticanae descripti… recensuit et digessit Henricus Stevenson Senior (Rom 1885) p. 8; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) III p. III-V. XX-XXIV; IV p. III; Flavii Josephi opera omnia, ed. S. A. Naber (Leipzig 1888-1896) III p. IV; E. Schürer, Theologische Literaturzeitung 1892, 514. 516; P. Wendland, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1892, 1266-1267 and 1893, 1230; C. Frick, Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 1893, 296 ff. ; K. Jacoby, Wochenschrift für klassische Philologie 1893, 1003-1004; Fr. Rühl, Literarisches Centralblatt 1893, 182-183. 1191-1192; Eusebius, Demonstratio Evangelica, ed. Ivar A. Heikel (Leipzig 1913) p. XVII-XVIII; S. Ek, Herodotismen in der jüdischen Archäologie des Josephos and ihre textkritische Bedeutung (Lund 1946) p. 35.

R (I) Palatinus gr. 284. Parchment, 11-12th century, 221 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum apart from the missing passages 1, 1-93; 7, 438. Closely connected to VC by common errors, however occasionally alone offers the best text.

Stevenson (1885) p. 160; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. X. XXXVI-XXXVII.

(IV) Rossianus gr. 25 (XL 47). Paper, 15th century, 135 pp. Fol. 1-105 contain Contra Apionem Buch 1-2 (incompletely). Probably one of the numerous (direct or indirect) descendants of the Laurentianus 69, 22 (L).

Van De Vorst, Verzeichnis der griechischen Hss. der Bibliotheca Rossiana, Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen 23 (1906) 539. —- Not in Niese.

(II) Urbinas gr. 80. Paper, 14-15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 266 contains Ant. Jud. 1, 1-6.

Codices Urbinates Graeci Bibliothecae Vaticanae. Recensuit Cosimus Stornajolo (Rom 1895) p. 111-127. —- Not in Niese.

C (I) Urbinas gr. 84. Parchment, 11th century, 291 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum apart from 1, 238-247. The conclusion, 7, 445-455 is partially missing. Closest to VR, beyond that many things in common with PA, finally also with L. Particularly strong is the contaminating effect of revision of the C-Text on the proper names, many of which are replaced with more common names from the Septuagint. The clear preference for the Urbinas gr. 84 by Naber (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Leipzig 1888-1896) is unjustified. It is apparent that this was at least partly involuntary and unconscious, as his predecessor I. Bekker (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Leipzig 1855-1856), by whom he was very strongly influenced, was the final version of the text form beginning with the Editio princeps of Arnoldus Peraxylus Arlenius (Basel 1544). This edition long exercised a controlling influence, which was only finally eradicated by Niese. However the Editio princeps itself offers for the Bellum Judaicum a text very close to the Urbinas gr. 84, which historically explains Naber’s special attitude to C.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. X-XI. XXXVI-XL. LI-LV. LXVII. LXXIII; Stornajolo p. 130-131; P. Wendland, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1896, 107 1.

(I) . Urbinas gr. 83. Parchment, 12-13th century, 245 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Smaller missing parts have been added in a younger hand. This manuscript is closely related to the Palatinus Vaticanus gr. 284 (R). Not considered by Niese.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVIII. XLV-XLVI; Stornajolo p. 131-132.

(I) Urbinas gr. 94. Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 18o^v contains the Technophagy of Maria (Bell. Jud. 6, 205-213).

Stornajolo p. 139-147. —- Not in Niese.

None of the identifiable Vatican Mss. known to me can be identified with the “cod. Vat. apud Hudson” cited by Niese for Ant. Jud. 6, 183; 7, 159; 8, 317; 9, 11. 32. 98. 138. 148. 151. 154. 163. 185. 225. 241; 16,368, from Hudson (Flavii Josephi opera omnia, Oxford 1720) vol I at the end of the unpaginated introduction, quite imprecisely introduced as ” ‘Vat.’ lectiones aliae Vaticanae aere nostro comparatae”.

Biblioteca dell’ Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei

(Lat. II) Corsinianus lat. 839. Paper, 16th century, Contains Contra Apionem. Mentioned in Niese for Contra Ap. 1,1; 2, 25. 113.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VIII; Flavii Josephi opera ex versione latina antiqua, ed. Carolus Boysen. Pars VI (Prag-Wien-Leipzig 1898) p. V.

Bibliotheca Vallicelliana

(II) Vallicellianus gr. 30 (C 4). Paper, 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 176-191^v contains excerpts from the Antiquitates Judaicae, 1, 69 – 3, 141; 3, 170 – 4, 96.

Martini, Catalogo di manoscritti greci esistenti nelle bibliotechi Italiane. II (= Catalogus codicum graecorum qui in Bibliotheca Vallicelliana Romae adservantur) Milano 1902, p. 48. —- Not in Niese.

Saloniki

(I) Blateon 36. Paper, 15th century, 299 pp. Fol. 1-136 contains the Bellum Judaicum (from 1, 317).

Eustratiades, Katalogos tön en të monë Blateön apokeimenön ködikön (Saloniki 1918) = Gregorios ho Palamäs 2 (1918) 438-439.

Saragossa

Pilar-Bibliothek

(II-III) Saragossa Nr. 253. Paper, 15th century. Contains the Greek text of the Antiquitates Judaicae.

Ch. Graux-A. Martin, Rapport sur une mission en Espagne et en Portugal. Notices sommaires des manuscrits grecs d’Espagne et de Portugal, Nouvelles Archives des Missions scientifiques et littéraires 2 (Paris 1892) 211.

Schleusingen

Heimatmuseum

(IV) Schleusingensis gr. 1 (Hennebergensis). Paper, 15-16th century. Contains the two books against Apion. Derived from the numerous (direct or indirect) descendants of Laurentianus 69, 22 (L). Not considered by Niese.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VI. X-XI; A. von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften (Leipzig 1889-1894) IV p. 375-376; Carl Wendel, Die griechischen Handschriften der Provinz Sachsen. In: Aufsätze, Fritz Milkau gewidmet (Leipzig 1921) p. 362-363.

(I.III)(Epit.) Schleusingensis gr. 2 (Hennebergensis). Paper, 15-16th century. Contains the Epitome Antiquitatum books 1-10, furthermore, Ant. Jud. books 11-19, 247 and Bell. Jud. 7, 393-455. Originally contained the complete Antiquitates Judaicae and Bellum Judaicum, just like the Vaticanus gr. 984, of which it is shown to be an apograph by linkage errors. As good as ignored by Niese (apart from Ant. Jud. 1, 7 in the Addenda et Corrigenda) except for the Epitome.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXII-XXIII; III p. XII; VI p. XVIII. LI. LIII; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. IV-VII; Wendel p. 362-364.

Uppsala

Universitätsbibliothek

(I) Upsaliensis gr. 8. Paper, 15. century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 297^v-299^v contains the speeches of Titus (Bell. Jud. 3,472-484) and Josephus (Bell. Jud. 3, 362-382).

Vilelmus Lundström, De codicibus graecis olim Escorialensibus, qui nunc Upsaliae adservantur. Eranos 2 (1897) 1-7 (especially p. 7). —- Not in Niese.

Utrecht

(I.III) Codex Lintelous. Paper, 15-16th century. (?). This manuscript, the private property of Mr. Lintelo de Geer from Utrecht, was placed at the disposal of S. A. Naber, and for the purposes of his edition. Its whereabouts are unknown to me. It contains the Bellum Judaicum (1, 17-7, 393), Ant. Jud. 14, 345-15, 132; 19, 247-268 and the Vita. According to Naber it is close for collection I to the Urbinas gr. 84 (C), for collection III to the Vaticanus gr. 984 (W). Naber mentions the Codex Lintelous occasionally in his Apparatus criticus (Bell. Jud. 2, 151; 4, 353. 433; 5, 70. 428; 6, 46. 315; 7, 225. 376), once in preference to all other witnesses (Bell. Jud. 7, 307), probably more from politeness than conviction.

Flavii Josephi opera omnia, ed. S. A. Naber (Leipzig 1888-1896) V p. VII.

Venice

Biblioteca Nazionale di S. Marco

(II. III) Marcianus 380. Parchment, 383 pp., written in 1469 AD in Rome. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-20 and the Vita. For collection II it is a descendant of the Marcianus 381 (M); the portions missing from the Marcianus 381 (Ant. Jud. 10, 206-281) have been copied from the Vaticanus gr. 147 (V). For collection III the third pentad of Antiquitates Judaicae is derived from the Vaticanus gr. 147 (V), for the fourth Pentade and the Vita from the Vaticanus gr. 984 (W), with a clear relationship also to the Parisinus gr. 1420. Not considered by Niese.

Antonius Maria Zanetti – Antonius Bongiovanni, Graeca D. Marci Bibliotheca codicum manuscriptorum per titulos digesta (Venedig 1740) p. 181-183; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XVI-XVII. LXIV-LXV; III p. XL XLVI-XLVII. LVII).

M (II) Marcianus 381. Paper, 13th century, 308 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-10. Missing 1, 1-91.170-183; 10, 206-281. A younger hand has added 1, 1-57. On the one hand is linked closely to SP, also to the large family SPLV Epit. Lat., but on the other hand has much in common with the opposed family RO. This Marcianus offers a very mixed text, but not seldom the best text and deserves more attention than Niese gave it.

Zanetti – Bongiovanni p. 183; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XI-XII. XXXIX-XLII. LXXV.

(I) Marcianus 382. Parchment, 15th century, 254 pp. Contains —- with some gaps —- the Bellum Judaicum. One of the witnesses of the Bellum Judaicum, which Niese felt could be neglected for Collection I in view of the existence of older manuscripts, as they make no contribution to the analysis of the text.

Zanetti-Bongiovanni p. 183; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVIII. LI.

M (I) (B) (III) Marcianus 383. Parchment, 12th century, 321 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum and the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64). Offers a text which is sometimes close to the Parisinus gr. 1425 (P), sometimes the Ambrosianus 234 (A), but also with many connections to VRC and individual members of this family (especially C), giving a contaminated text. The Marcianus 383 occasionally —- like so many other Josephus Mss. with a mixed text —- offers alone the reading which is most likely genuine, whereby its independence is secured. —- In collection III, for the Testimonium Flavianum, the Marcianus 383 is gathered by Niese with the Vaticanus gr. 148 under the siglum B.

Zanetti-Bongiovanni p. 183; J. Morelli, Bibliotheca manuscripta graeca et latina I (Bassano 1802) p. 249 ; Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. VII-VIII. XXXI-XXXIII. LXVII.

(I) Marcianus gr. VII, 2 (1005). Paper, 15th century, 180 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum.

Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum. Codices Graeci Manuscripti. Recensuit Elpidius Mioni. Volumen II (Rome 1960) p. 18. —- Nicht bei Niese.

(Lat. II) Marcianus lat. X 60. Parchment, written in 1468 AD. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-20, Contra Apionem Books 1-2. Mentioned by Niese for Contra Ap. 2, 25.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) V p. VIII ; Flavii Josephi opera omnia ex versione latina antiqua, ed. Carolus Boysen. Pars VI (Prag-Wien-Leipzig 1898) p. V; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I p. 39.108.

Vienna

Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek

(III) Vindobonensis gr. 91. Paper, 15th century, Miscellaneous manuscript. Contains on fol. 164^r–^v the pieces about Christ and John the Baptist. Ant. Jud. 18, 63-64.116-119.

Herbert Hunger, Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der Oesterreichischen Nationalbibliothek (Wien 1957) p. 63-65. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Vindobonensis hist. gr. 18 (Busbeckianus). Paper, 14-15th century, 126 pp. Contains Bell. Jud. 1, 336 – 6, 83. Belongs to the large family represented by the Urbinas gr. 84 (C). Not considered by Niese.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVIII. LI. LIII; Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der Oesterreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 1 (Codices historici philosophici et philologici) by Herbert Hunger (Wien 1961) p. 21-22.

S (II) Vindobonensis hist. gr. 20 (in Niese erroneously “hist. gr. 2”). Parchment, 11th century, 336 pp. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-10. Common corruptions link S particularly with Parisinus gr. 1419 (P), but also with the large group MSPLV Epit. Lat. or individual members of it. S is like P not free from contaminating interpolations.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XII-XIII. XXXIX. XLVI-XLVIII; Hunger (1961) p. 23.

(Epit.) Vindobonensis hist. gr. 22 (Busbeckianus). Paper, 14th century, 317 pp. Contains (apart from the missing beginning) the Epitome Antiquitatum books 1-20.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XVIII-XIX; II p. III; III p. XII-XIII. LX. LXIV; IV p. IV; Flavii Josephi Antiquitatum Judaicarum Epitoma, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1896) p. III. V-VI; Hunger (1961) p. 24-25.

(I) Vindobonensis hist. gr. 113. 15th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Fol. 151^v-152^r contain the speech of Titus, Bell. Jud. 3, 472-484.

Hunger (1961) p. 116-117. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Vindobonensis phil. gr. 112. 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 23^r-v Bell. Jud. 6, 416-442 and on fol. 24^r-v Bell. Jud. 6, 149-182.

Hunger (1961) p. 222-223. —- Not in Niese.

(I) Vindobonensis phil. gr. 149. 14th century, Miscellaneous Ms. Contains on fol. 270^v-271^r Bell. Jud. 6, 516 ff.

Hunger (1961) p. 250-253. —- Not in Niese.

THE PAPYRUS VINDOBONENSIS

Pap. Vind. Only a single papyrus is known to me, which contains a piece of the text of Josephus, the Pap. Graec. Vindob. 29810. It contains “the remains of a careful bookseller’s copy of a codex from the late 3rd century AD,” according to H. Oellacher, p. 61. It contains Bell. Jud. 2, 576-579. 582-584. The writing is no longer very legible, in addition to losses at the beginning and end of most of the lines. [Collation]. Too little is preserved to do more than assess the quality of the well-known manuscripts. Only so much is clear, that the codex from which the fragment comes, does not exhibit the characteristics of any of the well-known manuscripts of the Bellum Judaicum, and is a member of neither groups PA or VRC. … The average line length of 30 letters (with a number of lines of the column of 30) …

H. Oellacher, Griechische Literarische Papyri II (Baden bei Wien 1939) p. 61-63; Roger R. Pack, The Greek and Latin Literary Texts from Greco-Roman Egypt (Ann Arbor 1965²) p. 74. —- Not in Niese.

Wolfenbüttel

Herzog-August-Bibliothek

(Lat. I.II) Wissenburgensis 22. Parchment, 9th century. Contains Ant. Jud. books 1-12 and the Bellum Judaicum.

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) I p. XXVIII; III p. XIV; The Latin Josephus, ed. Franz Blatt (Aarhus 1958) I S. 40.110; Hans Butzmann, Die Weissenburger Handschriften (= Kataloge der Herzog-August-Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel. Die neue Reihe. Zehnter Band) Frankfurt am Main 1964, S. 131-132.

Wroclaw (Breslau)

Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

(I) Vratislaviensis 283 (Rehdigeranus). Paper, 15-16th century, 266 pp. Contains the Bellum Judaicum. Close to the Berolinensis gr. 223 and the Parisinus gr. 1426. They or their common ancestor belong to the family represented by the Urbinas 84 (C). Only occasionally considered by Niese (1, 238 ff.; 2, 624; 4, 298. 452; 6, 326; 7, 264).

Flavii Josephi opera, ed. B. Niese (Berlin 1885-1895) VI p. XVII. LI. LIII-LV. LXXIII; Catalogus codicum graecorum qui in Bibliotheca urbica Vratislaviensi adservantur etc. (Breslau 1889) p. 68; Kurt Aland, Die Handschriftenbestände der polnischen Bibliotheken (Berlin, Akademie-Verlag 1956) p. 37.

Postscriptum: In this list the numerous catena manuscripts which cite Josephus are not listed. I refer the reader for these to: Catenarum graecarum Catalogus. Composuerunt Georgius Karo et Johannes Lietzmann. Nachrichten von der Königl. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen. Philol.-hist. Kl. aus dem Jahre 1902. Göttingen 1902. In Karo-Lietzmann Josephus appears as a cited author in catena for the Old and New Testaments on pages 3.6.7.8.18.19.21.44.45.58.61.65.335.578.592.603. It is unnecessary to give here a classification by individual manuscripts. In any event, these are of more interest for the study of the chain-commentaries themselves and the history of the knowledge of Josephus, than for direct use for the text organisation itself. There is also the additional possibility that the citations are not from Josephus directly, but from an indirect source (e.g. John Chrysostom, Theodoret etc.). See P. Wendland, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1892, 1266; G. Bardy, Le Souvenir de Josephe chez les Pères, Revue hist, ecclés. 43, 1948, 179-191 (esp. p. 189).

NEW RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF JOSEPHUS
By Prof. Joseph Sievers

The SBL Josephus Seminar convenes for the first time in 1999 in connection with the publication of the first volume of an international Josephus project. While concentrating on the concerns and results of this particular project, it may be useful to cast the net a bit wider and to ask where we stand in Josephus studies, in particular with regard to editions and translations of Josephus, worldwide. The following survey will certainly not be exhaustive, but it attempts not to leave out any linguistic area. (1)

Growing Interest in the Works of Josephus

During the Middle Ages, Josephus was the most widely read ancient author in Europe. Schreckenberg, here following Eisler, states that Josephus’ literary influence had no equals, with the sole exception of the Bible. (2) Over 130 Greek and about 230 Latin mss, and innumerable citations in later authors are telling signs of a broad interest in his works. (3) There is also a large number of early prints of Josephus’ works. Between 1470 and 1535 there were over twenty printings of Latin translations of Josephus.

A look at more recent editions and translations, however, presents a very different picture. Between 1885 and 1896 three complete editions of the Greek text of Josephus were published: The Editio Maior and Minorby Niese, plus the edition by Naber in the Teubner series. Niese’s Editio Maior, reprinted in 1955, is currently out-of-print, except for the index volume. The other two editions have long been unavailable. The most recent German translation of the Antiquities is the rather unsatisfactory one produced by Clementz a century ago. An Italian translation had not been done since the 1780s. Lately, however, this situation is changing radically, and of these developments I would like to give a brief overview.

Reprint of Niese ‘s Editions

First of all, a reprint of Niese’s Editio Maior is in preparation. (4) It had been announced in the publisher’s catalogues at least as early as 1992 and was recently scheduled to appear in 1999, but has been delayed again, with no definite publication schedule. It is hoped that soon this edition will again be available to a new generation of scholars. Its critical apparatus is still indispensable for anyone working seriously with the text of Josephus. Also a reprint of Niese’s Editio Minor is tentatively scheduled for 2000, if there will be a sufficient number of subscriptions. (5)

Perseus Project

The text (without critical apparatus) of Niese’s Editio Maior has been available for some time on the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae CD-ROM. (6) Perhaps it is less well known that the same text is also available on-line through the Perseus Project at Tufts University. (7) The text may be consulted both in transliteration and in Greek characters. If needed, Greek fonts for both Windows and McIntosh environments can be downloaded free of charge. The text is linked to the English translation by Whiston, which is also searchable. Perseus gives the complete text of Josephus (with the exception of Against Apion), as it does for many ancient Greek authors (and some Latin ones as well). Almost every word is morphologically tagged, and with a simple click one may also consult the complete entry in the full version of Liddell-Scott-Jones, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford University Press). Not only that: if the lexicon cites a passage from another author included in the database, one can call up that work as well through a hypertextual link.

The speed of such a search depends on several factors, above all on the speed of one’s connection and on user volume. To avoid these limitations, a large part of the data of the Perseus Project is available on a CD-ROM marketed by Yale University Press. This is for now available in a McIntosh version. A platform-independent version, geared primarily toward Windows users, is currently undergoing Beta testing. Unfortunately, however, neither Josephus nor the full Liddell-Scott-Jones are included in either release.

On-line Bibliography (Münster)

Looking for “Josephus” through a search engine such as Altavista one may score over 500.000 hits. Limiting the search precisely to “Flavius Josephus,” I recently got a listing of 1.595 web pages. It is of course impossible and rather pointless to check all those websites. One site that did not appear among the first twenty is that of the Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum at the University of Münster. (8) There one finds a bibliography on Josephus that is continually updated by the Institute staff, in cooperation with Heinz Schreckenberg, the author of two well-known volumes of bibliography. This bibliography went on-line in experimental form in June 1998, and has in the meantime become a very valuable research tool. It is regularly updated and by November 1999 contained over 1,700 items, most of them more recent than the last printed bibliography. It is arranged according to over 30 subject categories. One may search it by author, title, subject or key words, work of Josephus and by biblical passage.

Recent Translations

Within the last few years, new translations of Josephus have appeared in several languages, some of which I have been unable to see. (9) Nikos Kokkinos, in response to an earlier version of this paper posted on the Internet, kindly informed me of an annotated modern Greek translation of all the works of Josephus, apparently the first such undertaking. This edition in 15 volumes, plus an index volume, was prepared by a team of unnamed philologists under the general supervision of Professor V. Mandelaras. It was published in its entirety in 1997, by the Kaktos Publishing House of Athens. It is part of a rapidly growing series making available ancient Greek authors in modern Greek translation, with the ancient Greek text (without critical apparatus) on facing pages.

Per Bilde brought to my attention a 1997 Danish translation of theWar, with commentary. (10) In the same year a Rumanian translation of the same work was published. (11) Also a Russian translation of the War, which appeared in Minsk in 1994, recently came to my attention. (12) Against Apion was translated into Hebrew by Aryeh Kasher. (13) A new synoptic comparison of the Greek and Slavonic versions of the War appeared in 1999. (14) Published over a decade ago and therefore outside the immediate purview of this paper, but probably not well known, is the publication of an 11th-12th cent. Georgian translation of part of Josephus. (15)

Within the last decade, most of the works of Josephus have become available in new translations in Polish, (16) Spanish, (17) Dutch, (18) and Italian. (19) Since my information through other sources was incomplete, Jan Willem van Henten kindly put me in touch with Marinus Wes, who, together with Fik Meijer just completed a Dutch translation of all the works of Josephus. The last volume, Contra Apionem, appeared in 1999. Together they have also produced a volume collecting everything Josephus has to say about Herod. (20) The long awaited Italian translation of the Antiquities by Luigi Moraldi appeared in the fall of 1998. (21) Unfortunately, it is in large part based on earlier ones, including the English rendering by Thackeray, Marcus, Wikgren, and Feldman in the Loeb Classical Library. Some passages include mistakes that may be explained on the basis of an English rather than a Greek Vorlage. Other passages strongly resemble earlier Italian translations. In some cases I have been able to identify readings that are entirely absent from the Greek text and ultimately go back to the ancient Latin version, which served as the basis also for some earlier Italian translations. The notes too are largely derivative. Thus this work, although handsomely produced, is disappointing. I must confess, however, that it has given me important and unexpected insights into the workings of textual criticism. (22)

Project of a Hebrew Translation of the War

A Modern Hebrew rendition of Josephus’ War is well under way in Israel. Lisa Ullmann of the Classics Department at Hebrew University is doing the translation. Jonathan Price of the Classics Department at Tel Aviv University is editing the work and providing explanatory notes and appendices. Publication is tentatively scheduled for 2000.

French Project at the École Biblique

At the Ècole Biblique et archéologique française in Jerusalem a new critical edition and French translation of the Antiquities is under way. As is well known, the volumes containing Books 1-5 have already appeared. (23) A further volume containing Books 6-8, is almost ready. (24) The project is headed by Étienne Nodet, with the cooperation of other scholars. This edition offers a new critical text, based on Niese’s manuscript collations, but frequently adopts different readings. Nodet has also tried to verify what type or types of Biblical text Josephus may have used. The first results of this research have been published in a volume on Josephus’ Pentateuch. (25) Nodet has supplied concrete textual data that may be verified and evaluated. On the basis of these data he thinks that Josephus used for the Pentateuch a hypothetical Hebrew text (“H”), which differs from MT and from all other known texts and versions.

The notes in Nodet’s edition are fuller than in any previous edition of the Antiquities. They point to the variety of Biblical and extra-biblical traditions that are reflected in the first half of the work. It is hoped that this edition may progress speedily, and that it be extended to cover all twenty books of the Antiquities.

The Münster Project

Since 1996 a team led by Folker Siegert, with the collaboration of Heinz Schreckenberg, is preparing a new critical edition and annotated German translation of the works of Josephus (excluding the War). A draft translation of the Life has been recently made available at their website. Greek text and annotated German translation should be published by Mohr/Siebeck of Tübingen in 2000. Against Apion should be ready two years later. For the Antiquities one will have to wait a bit longer.

In conjunction with this project a series of annual colloquia are being held, which concentrate on various aspects of the works of Josephus. The first two (Münster, 1997, and Brussels, 1998) were devoted mostly to the Life. The 1999 colloquium at the University of Aarhus, Denmark, has taken Against Apion as its primary topic. The proceedings of the first two colloquia have already been published. (26) The next meeting is scheduled to take place in Amsterdam, June 18-20.

International English Josephus Project

At present, there is no detailed historical and philological commentary on all the works of Josephus, at least in none of the languages I know. For Against Apion we are fortunate to have the commentary by Troiani. (27) For the War, the commentaries by Ricciotti in Italian and by Michel and Bauernfeind in German are by now somewhat dated and inadequate. Therefore in many quarters the need has been felt for a new historical and archeological as well as philological commentary on all the works of Josephus.

Now an international project tries to respond to this need. (28) This initiative was launched by Steve Mason of York University, in cooperation with the Brill publishing company of Leiden. It was decided to extend the project to the complete works of Josephus and to include a new translation, since the one by Thackeray, Marcus, Wikgren, and Feldman is in part over seventy years old. The translation at the top of the page will also facilitate use of the commentary. Unfortunately, but I think understandably, it was decided not to provide a Greek text. The time needed for establishing a new critical text and the added cost were judged prohibitive. In addition, since both the French and German projects are in the process of preparing new critical texts (based on the data provided by Niese and not on a new collation of mss), it seems inappropriate to add another editio critica minor.

Every team member has full responsibility for the part assigned to him, but certainly many questions have to be faced together, in order to achieve some degree of consistency. Some of the thorniest issues are the following: How shall personal and geographical names be treated? How does one translate certain recurring terms or characteristic expressions? How does one convey the meaning(s) of the historical present frequently used by Josephus? How much space is to be devoted to philological and historical questions, and to bibliography? As textual basis the starting point is Niese’s Editio Maior paying attention also to the more recent editions and sometimes choosing readings relegated by Niese to the apparatus. It will be impossible to reach complete consistency. This may be more feasible in the French and German projects, which are based in one particular institution. The advantage of the English project will be the cooperation of a diverse group of scholars from different disciplines, who have considerable experience dealing with the sections of Josephus assigned to them.

The project is planned in nine volumes, as in the original Loeb Classical Library edition, but these volumes will be much more substantial, even without the Greek text. Four to eight parts of commentary are planned for each part translation. The volumes will be subdivided as those in the Loeb edition, but will not be published in that order. The first volume containing Antiquities 1-4, with translation and commentary of the entire paraphrase of the Pentateuch by Louis Feldman has recently been published. (29) Christopher Begg recently accepted to do most of the rest of the biblical paraphrase in the Antiquities. He is well know for his long series of articles, published in a variety of journals, about biblical episodes and their transformation in Josephus and in other early Jewish sources. Paul Spilsbury of the Canadian Theological Seminary of Regina will tackle theAntiquities’ account of the Persian period to the death of Alexander. The Hasmonean period, will be the task of the present writer, while Jan Willem van Henten will treat the reigns of Herod and the brief account of Archelaus. Per Bilde will cover the time of the procurators to the end of the Antiquities. John Barclay is at an advanced stage of work on Against Apion. Steve Mason has already translated part of the Life. For the War, Book 1 (from the Hasmonean period to the death of Herod) will be the responsibility of the present writer. Books 2-3 (to the early stages of the war) have been taken on by Steve Mason, while Books 4-6 (most of the war against the Romans) will be translated and commented by Jonathan Price. Recently James McLaren has accepted to edit the last book of theWar.

In schematic form the plan of the work looks as follows:

* J.W. 1 Joseph Sievers, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome

* J.W. 2-3 Steve Mason, York University, Toronto

* J.W. 4-6 Jonathan Price, Tel Aviv University

* J.W. 7 James L. McLaren, Australian Catholic University, Ascot Vale, Victoria

* Ant. 1-4 Louis H. Feldman, Yeshiva University, New York

* Ant. 5-10 Christopher T. Begg, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.

* Ant. 10-11 Paul Spilsbury, Canadian Bible College–Canadian Theological Seminary, Regina

* Ant. 12-14 Joseph Sievers

* Ant. 15-17 Jan Willem van Henten, Delenus Instituut, Amsterdam

* Ant. 18-20 Per Bilde, University of Aarhus, Denmark

* Life Steve Mason

* Ag. Ap. John M. G. Barclay, University of Glasgow, Scotland

Thus the task is shared among ten scholars from eight different countries on four continents. In addition, various other scholars from different disciplines have agreed to act as consultants. This global cooperation is made possible in part, but only in part, by communication via Internet. This, however, is a necessary but not a sufficient ingredient. It does not replace personal contact and exchange. Therefore, seminars such as the one at SBL and face-to-face meetings remain essential.

I would be grateful for information about other recent editions, translations, or projects, to be sent to me at Pontifical Biblical Institute, 25, Via della Pilotta, 00187 Rome, ITALY; e-mail: jsievers1@compuserve.com

Heinz Schreckenberg, Die Flavius-Josephus-Tradition in Antike und Mittelalter (ALGHJ 5; Leiden: Brill, 1972) xiii-xiv, cf. 9; citing Robert Eisler, Die messianische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung vom Auftreten Johannes des Täufers bis zum Untergang Jakobs des Gerechten (2 vols.; Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1929-30) 1.xlviii: “dass–nächst der Bibel–keine Schrift des Altertums einen so gewaltigen und weitreichenden Einfluss auf die Geschichtsauffassung der abendländischen Menschheit gehabt, keine Geschichtsquelle so viele gelehrte Federn in Bewegung gesetzt hat … wie das Werk dieses . . . Flavius Josephus.”

For a description and evaluation of this material cf. Schreckenberg, Die Flavius-Josephus-Tradition and id., Rezeptionsgeschichtliche und textkritische Untersuchungen zu Flavius Josephus (ALGHJ 10), Leiden: Brill, 1977.

Josephus, Flavius, Opera. Edidit et apparatu critico instruxit Benedictus Niese (7 vols.; Berlin: Weidmann, 1885-1895). Reprint in preparation at Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim (Website: http://www.olms.de E-mail: info@olms.de).

Josephus, Flavius, Opera. Recognovit Benedictus Niese. Editio Minor (6 vols. in 3; Berlin 1888-1895); reprint Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann, 2000(?).

Further information on the TLG Project and their CD-ROM is available at their website: http://www.tlg.uci.edu

Website: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu

http://www.uni-muenster.de/Judaicum/Welcome.html

This information is derived, in part, from the on-line catalogues of the Library of Congress, The National and University Library in Jerusalem, and the library of The Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

Flavius Josefus, Den jødiske krig. Oversat med indledning og kommentarer af Erling Harsberg (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 1997).

Flavius Iosephus, Istoria razboiului Iudeilor contra Romanilor, transl. by Wolf Gheneli, ed. and annotated by Ion Acsan (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1997).

Josephus, Flavius, Iudeiskie drevnosti / Iosif Flavii; predislovie i primechaniia, V.A. Fedosika, G.I. Dovgialo (2 vols; Minsk: Belarus, 1994).

Neged Apion (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center, 1996). This translation, with commentary, has been widely discussed.

Josephus’ Jewish war and its Slavonic version : a synoptic comparison, directed and ed. by Bernard Orchard in collaboration with Lyubov V. Osinkina (Leiden: Brill, 1999).

2 vols; Tbilisi: Mec’niereba, 1987-88; both volumes edited by Nino Melik’isvili.

16.Jozef Flawiusz, Dawne dzieje Israela (=Antiquities), transl. by Zygmunt Kubiak and Jan Radozycki, commentary by Jan Radozycki (2 vols; Warsaw: Rytm, 1993); id., Wojna zydowska (Jewish War), transl. by Jan Radozycki (2nd ed.; Warsaw: Rytm, 1991). Contra Apionem and Vita had appeared a few years earlier: Jozef Flawiusz, Przeciw Apionowi. Autobiografia, ed. and transl. by Jan Radozycki, Poznan, 1986.

Flavio Josefo, Autobiografia – Contra Apion, transl. by Margarita Rodriguez de Sepulveda, intro. by Luis García Iglesias (Biblioteca clasica Gredos 189; Madrid: Gredos, 1994); id., Antigüedades judías, ed. and transl. José Vara Donado (AKAL/clásica 45-46; 2 vols.; Madrid: Torrejón de Ardoz, 1997). This last work carries some features which make one doubt about its scholarly qualities: It starts out with a chronological table, giving dates from the creation of Adam and Eve in 4342 B.C. to the death of Domitian in 96 A.D. The one-page bibliography is rather haphazard, listing for Louis Feldman only three articles from the years 1968-70. A note indicates that the translation in Books 1-14 follows the Loeb edition, in Books 15-16 Niese, and in Books 17-20 Naber. No further explanation of these choices is given.

Flavius Josephus, De Joodse oorlog & Uit mijn leven (=War and Life), transl. and annotated by Fik J. A. M. Meijer and Marinus A. Wes, with an introduction by Marinus A. Wes (Baarn: Ambo, 1992); id., De oude geschiedenis van de Joden (Antiquitates) transl. and annotated by Fik J. A. M. Meijer and Marinus A. Wes (Baarn: Ambo,), vol. 1 (Books 1-7) 1996; vol. 2 (Books 8-13), 1997; vol. 3 (Books 14-20) 1998; Flavius Josephus, Tegen de Grieken [Contra Apionem], vertaald, ingeleid en van antekeningen voorzien door F.J.A.M. Meijer en M.A. Wes, Amsterdam: Ambo) was scheduled to be published in October 1999.

Gerard Mussies, De autobiografie van de joodse Flavius Josephus (=Life), with introd., transl., and notes (Na de schriften 8; Kampen: Kok, 1991).

Flavio Giuseppe, Autobiografia, incl. Greek text; intro., transl., and notes by Giorgio Jossa (Studi sul giudaismo e sul cristianesimo antico 3; Naples: M. D’Auria, 1992);id., Autobiografia, incl. Greek text, intro., transl., and notes by Elvira Migliario (Milan: Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 1994); id., In difesa degli ebrei (=Against Apion) incl. Greek text, intro., transl., and notes by Francesca Calabi (Venice: Marsilio, 1993).

Koning Herodes. Het verhaal van Flavius Josephus, door Fik Meijer en Marinus A. Wes, Amsterdam: Ambo 1998.

Antichità Giudaiche di Josephus Flavio, a cura di Luigi Moraldi (Classici delle religioni: sezione seconda: La religione ebraica; 2 vols.; Turin: UTET, 1998).

Translations which appeared before 1990 are outside the purview of this survey. For languages not yet mentioned, I am aware of Hungarian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Swedish translations of individual works of Josephus published in the 1980s.

Flavius Josèphe, Les Antiquités Juives: Introduction et texte, traduction et notes, ed. by Étienne Nodet et alii, Paris : Cerf, 1990- (Books 1-3, 1990 ; Books 4-5, 1995).

Communication from Étienne Nodet, October 19, 1998.

Étienne Nodet, La Bible de Josèphe I: Le Pentateuque. Paris: Cerf, 1996.

Internationales Josephus-Kolloquium Münster 1997, ed. by Folker Siegert and Jürgen U. Kalms (Münsteraner Judaistische Studien 2), Münster: Lit Verlag, 1998; Internationales Josephus-Kolloquium Brüssel 1998, ed. by Jürgen U. Kalms and Folker Siegert (Münsteraner Judaistische Studien 4). Münster: Lit Verlag, 1999. For further information one may contact: Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum, Universität Münster, Wilmergasse 1, 48143 Münster FAX: 0049-251-8322565. E-mail: ijd@uni-muenster.de Homepage: http://www.uni-muenster.de/Judaicum/Welcome.html

Lucio Troiani, Commento storico al “Contro Apione” di Giuseppe (Pisa: Giardini, 1977).

Up-to-date basic information at: http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/smason

Flavius Josephus, Translation and Commentary, ed. by Steve Mason, vol. 3, Judean Antiquities 1-4, Translation and Commentary by Louis H. Feldman, Leiden: Brill, 2000, xlv + 582pp.

MISC. EDITIONS

	Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem andRome, ca. 38-100 Opera, ad multorum codicum Latinorum fidem recognita … Colonia Agrippina [ Köln ]: E. Cervicornus, 1524. The apocryphal Fourth Book of the Maccabees, or “On the Supremacy of Reason,” was erroneously ascribed by Christian tradition to Josephus. This edition of Josephus in Latin, edited by Jakob Sobius, is the first to include IV Maccabees (edited by Erasmus) as part of the Opera, or “complete works,” beginning a tradition in printed editions of Josephus which was to last over 350 years.

	49.Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem and Rome, ca. 38-100[ Ta Heuriskomena ] Flavii Josephi opera quae extant … Aurelia Allobrogum [ Geneva ]: Petrus de la Rouiere, 1611. In this first bilingual edition of Josephus’ works in Greek and Latin, the texts in parallel columns are based on the Greek edition of Arlenius, the revised Latin version of Gelenius, and IV Maccabees with the paraphrase of Erasmus. A second volume with variae lectiones and critical notes, projected by de la Rouvière in the preface of this edition, never appeared.

	49a.Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem and Rome, ca. 38-100 Della historia della guerra hebbono i Giudei co Romani Florence: Bartolommeo di Libri, 6 July 1493. The Florentine edition of the Guerra dei Giudei, prepared by an anonymous editor, was the first edition of any of the works of Josephus in Italian, and one of the first in a modern language. Translations of The Jewish War in Spanish and French had appeared the previous year in Seville and Paris; versions in Limousin (Catalonian) and Low German (Dutch) had been issued a decade earlier.

	50.Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem and Rome, ca. 38-100 [ & Hegesippus ] Flavii Josephi hooghberoemde Joodsche historien, ende boecken. noch Egesippus vande Ellendighe verstoringe der Stadt Ierusalem Amsterdam: by de Weduwe van Joost Broersz, 1647 (1636). Included in this unrecorded illustrated Dutch edition of Josephus’ works is a translation of the Hegesippus, a fourth century free Latin version of The Jewish War. The Dutch translation of Josephus and Hegesippus, apparently by Eberhard Bomeel, was made from an earlier German translation by Conrad Lautenbach.

	51.Joseph b. Gorion, pseudonym [ Josippon ][ Yosef ben Goriyon ] Josephus Hebraicus Basel: Henricus Petri, 1541. The Hebrew paraphrase of the Hegesippus, composed in southern Italy in the tenth century and generally known as Josippon, is sometimes referred to as the Pseudo-Josephus. Of the various editions and abstracts of the work published before modern times, this edition by Sebastian Münster, to which he added an incomplete Latin translation and notes, is the only one based on the original text of the incunabular editio princeps.

	52.Joseph b. Gorion, pseudonym [ Josippon ] A compendious and moste marueylous history of the latter times of the Jewes commune weale … London: Rycharde Jugge, 1561. This is the first revised edition of Peter Morwyng’s translation of a Latin version (also by Münster) of Abraham Ibn Daud’s twelfth century abstract of Josippon, “nowe newly corrected and amended by the sayde translatour.” A single Hebrew word appears in the margin of one page, printed two years before the supposed introduction of Hebrew typography to England in 1563.

	53.Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem and Rome, ca. 38-100 Flawia Jozeffa. O wálce Zidowské … Prostejow [ Prossnitz, Moravia ]: Jan Günther, 1553. By the first half of the 16th century Josephus had been translated into every Western European language. The first edition of Josephus in Czech, translated from the Latin by Pawel Aquilin Hradecký, was the first edition printed in a Slavic (or non-Western European) language.

	54.Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem and Rome, ca. 38-100 The Works of Flavius Josephus, the Learned and Authentic Jewish Historian and Celebrated Warrior … Kingston, Upper Canada: N.G. Ellis, 1844. The 18th century English translation of Josephus by William Whiston became one of the most popular books next to the Bible in English Protestantism, and was published throughout the Anglo-American world. This Kingston edition was the first printed in the Province of Canada.

	55.Josephus Flavius, of Jerusalem and Rome, ca. 38-100 Histoire des Juifs, écrite par Flavius Joseph, Sous le Titre de Antiquitez Judaïques … Amsterdam: P. Mortier, 1700. The French translation of Josephus made by M. Arnauld d’Andilly was the first modern version of the works made from the original Greek text. This “Nouvelle Edition” includes a large number of engravings and plates illustrating the “Anciennes ceremonies des Juifs,” as well as several large fold-out maps.

Contemporary Studies

Andrea M. Berlin and J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN: 0 415 25706 9 (cloth).
Neil Faulkner, Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt against Rome, AD 66-73. Charleston SC: Tempus, 2002. ISBN 0 7524 1968 4 (cloth).
Martin Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66-70. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1987. ISBN 0 521 44782 8 (pbk).
Flavius Josephus, Jewish War. Loeb Classical Library, vol. numbers. 283 (War 1-2; ISBN 99568-6), 487 (War 3-4; ISBN 99536-8), and 210 (War 5-7; 99569-4). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, various dates.
Susan Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN
Tessa Rajak, Josephus: the Historian and his Society. 2nd. edn. London: Duckworth, 2002. ISBN 0 7156 3170 5 (pbk.
Nahman Avigad, “Jerusalem in Flames—the Burnt House Captures a Moment in Time,” BAR Nov-Dec. 1983.
Shaye J. D. Cohen and Michael Satlow, “Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple,” BAS on-line (Ancient Israel 1999).
Louis H. Feldman, “Financing the Colosseum,” Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 2001.
[Ed.] “Gamla: the Masada of the North,” BAR Jan/Feb 1979.
Steve Mason, “Will the Real Josephus Please Stand Up?” BAR 23 (1997).
Yaakov Meshorer, “The Holy Land in Coins,” BAR March 1978—final paragraphs on Iudaea Capta coins.
Danny Sion, “Gamla: Portrait of a Rebellion,” BAR Jan/Feb 1992.

Martin Hengel, The Zealots: Investigations into the Jewish Freedom Movement etc. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1989. ISBN 0 567 29372 6 (pbk)
Gottfried Mader, Josephus and the Politics of Historiography: Apologetic and Impression Management in the Bellum Judaicum. Leiden: Brill, 2000. ISBN 90 04 11446 7 (cloth)
Steve Mason, Josephus and the New Testament, 2nd edn. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2003.
Jonathan J. Price, Jerusalem under Siege: the Collapse of the Jewish State, 66-70 CE. Leiden: Brill, 1992. ISBN 90 04 09471 7 (cloth)
Shimon Applebaum, “The Zealots: the Case for Reevaluation,” The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 61. (1971), pp. 155-170.
Victor d’Huys, “How to describe Violence in Historical Narrative,” Ancient Society 18 (1987), 209-50.
Richard A. Horsley, “Josephus and the Bandits,” Journal for the Study of Judaism 10(1979), 37-63.
David D. Laitin, “National Revivals and Violence,” Archives Européennes de Sociologie 36 (1995), 3-43.
Steve Mason, “Figured Speech and Irony in the Works of T. Flavius Josephus,” “Contradiction or Counterpoint: Josephus and Historical Method,” Introduction to the Judean War, commentary to War 2.1-166
James S. McLaren, “The Coinage of the First Year as a Point of Reference for the Jewish Revolt (66-70 CE),” Scripta Classica Israelica 22 (203), 135-52.
Fergus Millar, “Last Year in Jerusalem,” in Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome, ed. Edmondson, Mason, Rives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 forthcoming.
Brent D. Shaw, “Bandits in the Roman Empire,” Past and Present 105 (1984), 3-52.
van Hooff, A. J. L. (1988). “Ancient Robbers: Reflections Behind the Facts.” Ancient Society 19 (1988), 105-24.
Adam Ziolkowski, “Urbs direpta, or How the Romans Sacked Cities,” in John Rich and Graham Shipley, War and Society in the Roman World (London: Routledge, 1993), 69-91.

Date: 01 Dec 2012
Time: 14:46:03

Thank you, your site is very informational.
My brother has given me a copy of Josephus Complete Works Whiston and was printed by Thompson &Thomas Chicago. There is not a date as when it was printed so I have done a little research into how old this book is. Thats when I came upon your site. I would like to know if possible. The book is brown leather, on the spine it has a red background with a box toward the top, gold letters. It seems old I have a suspicion that it was printed in the early 1900’s. Thank you, Judy Snyder my email address is JJLSNYDER @ FRONTIER.COM

Bibliography: 2,000 Years of Josephus

We have reached 23% of our yearly goal

We have reached 23% of our yearly goal